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The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XXXIV

Chapter 34 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 16 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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RICHARD'S CORONATION.
When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.
Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.
At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.
From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XXXIV

Chapter 34 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 16 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/3 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
RICHARD'S CORONATION.
/ˈrɪtʃərdz ˌkɔːrəˈneɪʃən/
Line 2
When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.
Line 3
Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.
/ˈnevər hæd ərˈeɪndʒmənts bɪn meɪd ɑːn soʊ ˈsplendɪd ə skeɪl fɔːr ˌɪnˈvestɪŋ ə kɪŋ ʌv ˈɪŋɡlənd wɪð ðə ˈsɪmbəlz ʌv ˈpaʊər/
Line 4
At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.
Line 5
From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

coronation noun US /ˌkɔːrəˈneɪʃən/

the ceremony of installing a new monarch

From this reading “RICHARD'S CORONATION.”

defensible adjective US /dɪˈfensəbəl/

capable of being defended

From this reading “From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.”

harnessed adjective US /ˈhɑːrnəst/

brought under control and put to use

From this reading “From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.”

investing noun US /ˌɪnˈvestɪŋ/

the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit

From this reading “Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.”

richard's noun US /ˈrɪtʃərdz/

possessive form of “richards” — English literary critic who collaborated with C. K. Ogden and contributed to the development of Basic English (1893-1979)

From this reading “RICHARD'S CORONATION.”

scoured adjective US /ˈskaʊərd/

worn away as by water or ice or wind

From this reading “From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.”

symbols noun US /ˈsɪmbəlz/

plural of “symbol” — an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance

From this reading “Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.”

usurp verb US /ˌjuːˈsɜːrp/

seize and take control without authority and possibly with force; take as one's right or possession

From this reading “When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

five thousand noun + noun

In this reading “From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.”

same time adjective + noun

In this reading “At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.”

fighting men noun + noun

In this reading “From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.”

any opposition adjective + noun

In this reading “At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.”

took precautions verb + noun counted as “take precaution”

In this reading “At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.”

From the north preposition + article + noun counted as “from … north”

In this reading “From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1483

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

6th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

appareledadjective

dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

armornounUS /ˈɑːrmər/

protective covering made of metal and used in combat

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

arrangementsnounUS /ərˈeɪndʒmənts/

plural of “arrangement” — the thing arranged or agreed to

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

causedverbUS /kɑːzd/

past form of “cause” — give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

ceremonynounUS /ˈserəmoʊni/

a formal event performed on a special occasion

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

CORONATIONnounUS /ˌkɔːrəˈneɪʃən/

the ceremony of installing a new monarch

From this reading RICHARD'S CORONATION.

crownnounUS /kraʊn/

the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

defensibleadjectiveUS /dɪˈfensəbəl/

capable of being defended

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

ElizabethnounUS /ɪˈlɪzəbəθ/

daughter of George VI who became the Queen of England and Northern Ireland in 1952 on the death of her father (1926-)

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

evilnounUS /ˈiːvəl/

morally objectionable behavior

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

expressedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsprest/

communicated in words

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

fearlessadjectiveUS /ˈfɪrləs/

oblivious of dangers or perils or calmly resolute in facing them

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

fightingnounUS /ˈfaɪtɪŋ/

the act of fighting; any contest or struggle

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

fixedadjectiveUS /fɪkst/

(of a number) having a fixed and unchanging value

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

harnessedadjectiveUS /ˈhɑːrnəst/

brought under control and put to use

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

heartsnounUS /hɑːrts/

a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

intentionnounUS /ˌɪnˈtentʃən/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

investingnounUS /ˌɪnˈvestɪŋ/

the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

JulynounUS /ˌdʒuːˈlaɪ/

the month following June and preceding August

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

likelyadjectiveUS /ˈlaɪkli/

has a good chance of being the case or of coming about

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

magnificencenoun

splendid or imposing in size or appearance

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

memorableadjectiveUS /ˈmemərəbəl/

worth remembering

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

NeveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

occasionnounUS /əˈkeɪʒən/

an event that occurs at a critical time

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

offeredverbUS /ˈɔːfərd/

past form of “offer” — make available or accessible, provide or furnish

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

oppositionnounUS /ˌɑːpəˈzɪʃən/

the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

performingnounUS /pərˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

the performance of a part or role in a drama

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

precautionsnounUS /priˈkɔːʃənz/

plural of “precaution” — a precautionary measure warding off impending danger or damage or injury etc.

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

preparationsnounUS /ˌprepərˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “preparation” — the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

proofnounUS /pruːf/

any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

renderverbUS /ˈrendər/

cause to become

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

Richard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

RICHARD'SnounUS /ˈrɪtʃərdz/

possessive form of “richards” — English literary critic who collaborated with C. K. Ogden and contributed to the development of Basic English (1893-1979)

From this reading RICHARD'S CORONATION.

rustyadjectiveUS /ˈrʌsti/

covered with or consisting of rust

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

scalenounUS /skeɪl/

an ordered reference standard

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

scouredadjectiveUS /ˈskaʊərd/

worn away as by water or ice or wind

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

splendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

symbolsnounUS /ˈsɪmbəlz/

plural of “symbol” — an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance

From this reading Never had arrangements been made on so splendid a scale for investing a king of England with the symbols of power.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

usurpverbUS /ˌjuːˈsɜːrp/

seize and take control without authority and possibly with force; take as one's right or possession

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading When Richard had expressed his intention to usurp the English crown, he fixed the 6th day of July, 1483, for his coronation, and caused preparations to be made for performing the ceremony with such magnificence as was likely to render the occasion memorable.

Woodville

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the same time Richard took precautions against any opposition that might be offered by the friends of Elizabeth Woodville.

worseadjectiveUS /wɜːrs/

(comparative of “bad”) inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability

From this reading From the north were brought five thousand fighting men, "evil appareled, and worse harnessed, in rusty armor, neither defensible for proof nor scoured for show," but with fearless hearts and strong hands.

Chapter 34 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar holds 16 sentences, grouped into 4 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 34 of The Wars of the Roses contain?

Chapter 34 holds 16 sentences of The Wars of the Roses, unabridged, divided into 4 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 34 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 16 sentences, grouped into 4 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 34 of The Wars of the Roses?

Work through the 4 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 4 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 34 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 34 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Wars of the Roses

Common questions about reading The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Wars of the Roses?

Yes. All 3418 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46132 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Wars of the Roses is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #46132, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Wars of the Roses take to read?

About 284 minutes of reading across 684 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Wars of the Roses section by section

How to work through The Wars of the Roses section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Wars of the Roses to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Wars of the Roses

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Wars of the Roses, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Stories
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Struggle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lancaster
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.