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The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XXXIX

Chapter 39 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 131 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/26 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
BOSWORTH FIELD.
It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.
On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.
For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.
Nevertheless, he prepared for battle with energy.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XXXIX

Chapter 39 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 131 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/26 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
BOSWORTH FIELD.
Line 2
It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.
Line 3
On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.
Line 4
For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.
/fɔːr deɪz hɪz ˈtempər hæd bɪn ˈfriːkwəntli traɪd baɪ nuːz ʌv dɪˈzɜːrʃən ənd fɔːr naɪts hɪz rest hæd bɪn ˈbroʊkən baɪ driːmz ʌv dɪˈzæstər/
Line 5
Nevertheless, he prepared for battle with energy.
/ˌnevərðəˈles hiː priˈperd fɔːr ˈbætəl wɪð ˈenərdʒi/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adventurer noun US /ædˈventʃərər/

a person who enjoys taking risks

From this reading “It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.”

conflict noun US /ˈkɑːnflɪkt/

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

From this reading “It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.”

desertion noun US /dɪˈzɜːrʃən/

withdrawing support or help despite allegiance or responsibility

From this reading “For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.”

disaster noun US /dɪˈzæstər/

a state of extreme (usually irremediable) ruin and misfortune

From this reading “For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.”

Lancastrian noun US /ˌlæŋˈkæstriən/

a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster

From this reading “It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.”

memorable adjective US /ˈmemərəbəl/

worth remembering

From this reading “On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.”

mustered verb US /ˈmʌstərd/

past form of “muster” — gather or bring together

From this reading “It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.”

subsequent adjective US /ˈsʌbsəkwənt/

following in time or order

From this reading “On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

subsequent events adjective + noun counted as “subsequent event”

In this reading “On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.”

thirty years' noun + noun counted as “thirty year”

In this reading “It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.”

On the eve preposition + article + noun counted as “on … eve”

In this reading “On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.”

on the field preposition + article + noun counted as “on … field”

In this reading “It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.”

All words in this reading · 64

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1485

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

adventurernounUS /ædˈventʃərər/

a person who enjoys taking risks

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

AugustnounUS /ˈɑːɡəst/

the month following July and preceding September

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading Nevertheless, he prepared for battle with energy.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

BOSWORTH

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD.

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

conflictnounUS /ˈkɑːnflɪkt/

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

dnounUS /diː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

decidedadjectiveUS /ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd/

recognizable; marked

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

desertionnounUS /dɪˈzɜːrʃən/

withdrawing support or help despite allegiance or responsibility

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

disasternounUS /dɪˈzæstər/

a state of extreme (usually irremediable) ruin and misfortune

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

dreamsnounUS /driːmz/

plural of “dream” — a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

energynounUS /ˈenərdʒi/

(physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs

From this reading Nevertheless, he prepared for battle with energy.

evenounUS /iːv/

(Old Testament) Adam's wife in Judeo-Christian mythology: the first woman and mother of the human race; God created Eve from Adam's rib and placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

eventsnounUS /ɪˈvents/

plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

FIELDnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

forcesnounUS /ˈfɔːrsɪz/

plural of “force” — a powerful effect or influence

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

frequentlyadverbUS /ˈfriːkwəntli/

many times at short intervals

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Nevertheless, he prepared for battle with energy.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

LancastriannounUS /ˌlæŋˈkæstriən/

a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

memorableadjectiveUS /ˈmemərəbəl/

worth remembering

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

MondaynounUS /ˈmʌndi/

the second day of the week; the first working day

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

musteredverbUS /ˈmʌstərd/

past form of “muster” — gather or bring together

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

NeverthelessadverbUS /ˌnevərðəˈles/

in spite of what has just been said

From this reading Nevertheless, he prepared for battle with energy.

newsnounUS /nuːz/

information about recent and important events

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

nightsnounUS /naɪts/

Periods of darkness between sunset and sunrise.

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

preparedadjectiveUS /priˈperd/

made ready or fit or suitable beforehand

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

renderedverbUS /ˈrendərd/

past form of “render” — cause to become

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

Richard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

RosesnounUS /ˈroʊzɪz/

plural of “rose” — any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

subsequentadjectiveUS /ˈsʌbsəkwənt/

following in time or order

From this reading On the eve of a struggle which subsequent events rendered so memorable, Richard was not quite himself.

tempernounUS /ˈtempər/

a sudden outburst of anger

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

thirtynounUS /ˈθɜːrdiː/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading For days his temper had been frequently tried by news of desertion, and for nights his rest had been broken by dreams of disaster.

usurpernoun

one who wrongfully or illegally seizes and holds the place of another

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

WarnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Nevertheless, he prepared for battle with energy.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

Yorkist

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was the morning of Monday, the 22d of August, 1485, when the Yorkist usurper and the Lancastrian adventurer mustered their forces on the field of Bosworth, and prepared for that conflict which decided the thirty years' War of the Roses.

Chapter 39 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar holds 131 sentences, grouped into 27 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 39 of The Wars of the Roses contain?

Chapter 39 holds 131 sentences of The Wars of the Roses, unabridged, divided into 27 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 39 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 131 sentences, grouped into 27 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 39 of The Wars of the Roses?

Work through the 27 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 27 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 39 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 39 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Wars of the Roses

Common questions about reading The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Wars of the Roses?

Yes. All 3418 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46132 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Wars of the Roses is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #46132, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Wars of the Roses take to read?

About 284 minutes of reading across 684 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Wars of the Roses section by section

How to work through The Wars of the Roses section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Wars of the Roses to begin.

  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Wars of the Roses

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Wars of the Roses, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Stories
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Struggle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lancaster
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.