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The Web of Life
The Web of Life

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Web of Life is here in full — 270 sentences across 54 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Web of Life
Context Illustration Reading 1/54 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.
The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.
Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.
A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.
At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Web of Life

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Web of Life is here in full — 270 sentences across 54 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/54 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.
Line 2
The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.
/ðə leɪk wɑːz ə ˈsɑːləd flɔːr ʌv ɡreɪ aɪs æz fɑːr æz wʌn kʊd siː/
Line 3
Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.
Line 4
A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.
/ə pərˈsɪstənt drɪft frʌm ðə nɔːrθ ənd iːst deɪ ˈæftər deɪ ˈlɪftəd ðə ʃiːts ʌv ˈsɜːrfəs aɪs ənd slɪd ðem ˈoʊvər ðə ˈɪnər ˈledʒɪz/
Line 5
At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

battery noun US /ˈbætəri/

group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place

From this reading “At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.”

boomed verb US /buːmd/

past form of “boom” — make a resonant sound, like artillery

From this reading “At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.”

circles noun US /ˈsɜːrkəlz/

plural of “circle” — ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point

From this reading “Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.”

cracked adjective US /krækt/

used of skin roughened as a result of cold or exposure

From this reading “At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.”

iteration noun US /ˌɪtərˈeɪʃən/

(computer science) a single execution of a set of instructions that are to be repeated

From this reading “One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.”

ledges noun US /ˈledʒɪz/

plural of “ledge” — a projecting ridge on a mountain or submerged under water

From this reading “A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.”

persistent adjective US /pərˈsɪstənt/

never-ceasing

From this reading “A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.”

slid verb US /slɪd/

inflected form of “slide” — move obliquely or sideways, usually in an uncontrolled manner

From this reading “A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

AlongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

batterynounUS /ˈbætəri/

group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

boomedverbUS /buːmd/

past form of “boom” — make a resonant sound, like artillery

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

breakwaters

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

changelessadjective

not subject or susceptible to change or variation in form or quality or nature

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

circlesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəlz/

plural of “circle” — ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

clearverbUS /klɪr/

rid of obstructions

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

crackedadjectiveUS /krækt/

used of skin roughened as a result of cold or exposure

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

driftverbUS /drɪft/

be in motion due to some air or water current

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

eastnounUS /iːst/

the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

floornounUS /flɔːr/

the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure)

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

frozenadjectiveUS /ˈfroʊzən/

turned into ice; affected by freezing or by long and severe cold

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

glassnounUS /ɡlæs/

a brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

graynounUS /ɡreɪ/

a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

gunsnounUS /ɡʌnz/

plural of “gun” — a weapon that discharges a missile at high velocity (especially from a metal tube or barrel)

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

icenounUS /aɪs/

water frozen in the solid state

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

inneradjectiveUS /ˈɪnər/

located inward

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

iterationnounUS /ˌɪtərˈeɪʃən/

(computer science) a single execution of a set of instructions that are to be repeated

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

lakenounUS /leɪk/

a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

ledgesnounUS /ˈledʒɪz/

plural of “ledge” — a projecting ridge on a mountain or submerged under water

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

liftedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪftəd/

held up in the air

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

noisenounUS /nɔɪz/

sound of any kind (especially unintelligible or dissonant sound)

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

persistentadjectiveUS /pərˈsɪstənt/

never-ceasing

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

piledverbUS /paɪld/

past form of “pile” — arrange in stacks

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

powerfuladjectiveUS /ˈpaʊərfəl/

having great power or force or potency or effect

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

reportverbUS /riˈpɔːrt/

to give an account or representation of in words

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

resounded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

sheetsnounUS /ʃiːts/

plural of “sheet” — any broad thin expanse or surface

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

shiningadjectiveUS /ˈʃaɪnɪŋ/

marked by exceptional merit

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

shorenounUS /ʃɔːr/

the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

slidverbUS /slɪd/

inflected form of “slide” — move obliquely or sideways, usually in an uncontrolled manner

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

solidadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləd/

characterized by good substantial quality

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

startingadjectiveUS /ˈstɑːrtɪŋ/

(especially of eyes) bulging or protruding as with fear

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

succeededverbUS /səkˈsiːdɪd/

past form of “succeed” — attain success or reach a desired goal

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading A persistent drift from the north and east, day after day, lifted the sheets of surface ice and slid them over the inner ledges.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading At night the lake cracked and boomed like a battery of powerful guns, one report starting another until the shore resounded with the noise.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The lake was a solid floor of gray ice as far as one could see.

wavesnounUS /weɪvz/

plural of “wave” — one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water)

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading One still, frozen winter day succeeded another in changeless iteration.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Along the shore between the breakwaters the ice lay piled in high waves, with circles of clear, shining glass beyond.

Chapter 31 of The Web of Life by Robert Herrick holds 270 sentences, grouped into 54 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Web of Life contain?

Chapter 31 holds 270 sentences of The Web of Life, unabridged, divided into 54 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Web of Life by Robert Herrick exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 270 sentences, grouped into 54 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Web of Life?

Work through the 54 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 54 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Web of Life

Common questions about reading The Web of Life by Robert Herrick on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Web of Life?

Yes. All 5943 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7828 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Web of Life is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7828, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Web of Life take to read?

About 495 minutes of reading across 1189 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Web of Life section by section

How to work through The Web of Life section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 37 chapters of The Web of Life to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Web of Life

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Web of Life, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Morning
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Web of Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sommers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Web of Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Successor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Web of Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Through
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Web of Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.