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The wonders of science
The wonders of science

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The wonders of science is here in full — 102 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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THE FIRST DRINK AT THE WELL.
A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.
The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.
Then came the struggle.
What could _she_ do to help them?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The wonders of science

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The wonders of science is here in full — 102 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/20 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE FIRST DRINK AT THE WELL.
/ðə fɜːrst drɪŋk æt ðə wel/
Line 2
A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.
Line 3
The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.
/ðə ˈwɪdoʊ wen ðə ˈstuːpər ʌv hɜːr ɡriːf hæd pæst əˈweɪ ənd ðə ˈmentəl əbˈzɔːrpʃən ʌv hɜːr fɜːrst ˈsɑːroʊ hæd ˈɡɪvən pleɪs tuː ðə kɑːm rɪˈflekʃən ʌv ˈmelənkɑːli suːn bɪˈɡæn tuː siː ðæt ðə ˈkʌmfərts ənd ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən ʌv hɜːr ˈtʃɪldrən dɪˈmændəd ˈenərdʒi ˈræðər ðæn terz frʌm hɜːr/
Line 4
Then came the struggle.
/ðen keɪm ðə ˈstrʌɡəl/
Line 5
What could _she_ do to help them?
/wʌt kʊd ʃiː duː tuː help ðem/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

absorption noun US /əbˈzɔːrpʃən/

(chemistry) a process in which one substance permeates another; a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid

From this reading “The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.”

comforts noun US /ˈkʌmfərts/

things that make you comfortable and at ease

From this reading “The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.”

energy noun US /ˈenərdʒi/

(physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs

From this reading “The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.”

mental adjective US /ˈmentəl/

involving the mind or an intellectual process

From this reading “The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.”

reflection noun US /rɪˈflekʃən/

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading “The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.”

stupor noun US /ˈstuːpər/

the feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally

From this reading “The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.”

widow noun US /ˈwɪdoʊ/

a woman whose husband is dead especially one who has not remarried

From this reading “The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.”

wrought adjective US /rɔːt/

shaped to fit by or as if by altering the contours of a pliable mass (as by work or effort)

From this reading “A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

few months adjective + noun counted as “few month”

In this reading “A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.”

passed away verb + particle counted as “pass away”

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

In this reading “The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.”

change in verb + particle

In this reading “A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.”

All words in this reading · 55

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

absorptionnounUS /əbˈzɔːrpʃən/

(chemistry) a process in which one substance permeates another; a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

ATprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE FIRST DRINK AT THE WELL.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

calmverbUS /kɑːm/

make calm or still

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Then came the struggle.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

comfortsnounUS /ˈkʌmfərts/

things that make you comfortable and at ease

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading What could _she_ do to help them?

demandedverbUS /dɪˈmændəd/

past form of “demand” — request urgently and forcefully

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading What could _she_ do to help them?

DRINKverbUS /drɪŋk/

take in liquids

From this reading THE FIRST DRINK AT THE WELL.

educationnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən/

the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

energynounUS /ˈenərdʒi/

(physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

FIRSTadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading THE FIRST DRINK AT THE WELL.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

griefnounUS /ɡriːf/

intense sorrow caused by loss of a loved one (especially by death)

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

helpverbUS /help/

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading What could _she_ do to help them?

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

householdnounUS /ˈhaʊshoʊld/

a social unit living together

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

melancholynounUS /ˈmelənkɑːli/

a feeling of thoughtful sadness

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

mentaladjectiveUS /ˈmentəl/

involving the mind or an intellectual process

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

monthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

reflectionnounUS /rɪˈflekʃən/

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading What could _she_ do to help them?

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

sorrownounUS /ˈsɑːroʊ/

an emotion of great sadness associated with loss or bereavement

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading Then came the struggle.

stupornounUS /ˈstuːpər/

the feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

tearsnounUS /terz/

the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds)

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE FIRST DRINK AT THE WELL.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading What could _she_ do to help them?

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then came the struggle.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

Varfell

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

WELLadverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading THE FIRST DRINK AT THE WELL.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What could _she_ do to help them?

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

widownounUS /ˈwɪdoʊ/

a woman whose husband is dead especially one who has not remarried

From this reading The widow, when the stupor of her grief had passed away, and the mental absorption of her first sorrow had given place to the calm reflection of melancholy, soon began to see that the comforts and education of her children demanded energy rather than tears from her.

wroughtadjectiveUS /rɔːt/

shaped to fit by or as if by altering the contours of a pliable mass (as by work or effort)

From this reading A few months had wrought a great change in the household at Varfell.

Chapter 4 of The wonders of science by Henry Mayhew holds 102 sentences, grouped into 21 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The wonders of science contain?

Chapter 4 holds 102 sentences of The wonders of science, unabridged, divided into 21 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The wonders of science by Henry Mayhew exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 102 sentences, grouped into 21 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The wonders of science?

Work through the 21 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 21 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Is this the complete text of The wonders of science?

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Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in The wonders of science

Words and structures a reader meets early in The wonders of science, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of The wonders of science, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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