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The wonders of science
The wonders of science

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The wonders of science is here in full — 83 sentences across 17 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/16 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT.
The effects of heat are manifold.
In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.
Secondly.
Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The wonders of science

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The wonders of science is here in full — 83 sentences across 17 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/16 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT.
/ðə ˈwʌndərfəl ɪˈfekts ʌv hiːt/
Line 2
The effects of heat are manifold.
/ðə ɪˈfekts ʌv hiːt ɑːr ˈmænəfoʊld/
Line 3
In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.
/ɪn ðə fɜːrst pleɪs æn ˌɪnˈkriːs ʌv ˈtemprətʃər ɪkˈspændz ɔːr ɪnˈlɑːrdʒɪz ˈɔːlmoʊst ɔːl ˈbɑːdiz waɪl ə dɪˈkriːs ˈkɑːzəz ðem tuː ˈkɑːntrækt ɔːr bɪˈkʌm dɪˈmɪnɪʃt ɪn bʌlk/
Line 4
Secondly.
/ˈsekəndli/
Line 5
Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

congeal verb US /kənˈdʒiːl/

become gelatinous

From this reading “Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.”

converting verb US /kənˈvɜːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading “Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.”

decrease verb US /dɪˈkriːs/

decrease in size, extent, or range

From this reading “In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.”

enlarges verb US /ɪnˈlɑːrdʒɪz/

third-person singular of “enlarge” — make larger

From this reading “In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.”

expands verb US /ɪkˈspændz/

third-person singular of “expand” — extend in one or more directions

liquids noun US /ˈlɪkwədz/

plural of “liquid” — a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure

From this reading “Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.”

solidify verb US /səˈlɪdəfaɪ/

make solid or more solid; cause to solidify

From this reading “Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.”

solids noun US /ˈsɑːlədz/

plural of “solid” — matter that is solid at room temperature and pressure

From this reading “Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

other hand adjective + noun

In this reading “Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.”

first place adjective + noun

In this reading “In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.”

All words in this reading · 46

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The effects of heat are manifold.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

bulknounUS /bʌlk/

the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

causesnounUS /ˈkɑːzəz/

plural of “cause” — events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

coldadjectiveUS /koʊld/

having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

condenses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

congealverbUS /kənˈdʒiːl/

become gelatinous

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

contractverbUS /ˈkɑːntrækt/

enter into a contractual arrangement

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

convertingverbUS /kənˈvɜːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

decreaseverbUS /dɪˈkriːs/

decrease in size, extent, or range

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

diminishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈmɪnɪʃt/

impaired by diminution

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

EFFECTSnounUS /ɪˈfekts/

property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT.

enlargesverbUS /ɪnˈlɑːrdʒɪz/

third-person singular of “enlarge” — make larger

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

expandsverbUS /ɪkˈspændz/

third-person singular of “expand” — extend in one or more directions

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

HEATnounUS /hiːt/

a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

increasenounUS /ˌɪnˈkriːs/

a quantity that is added

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

liquidsnounUS /ˈlɪkwədz/

plural of “liquid” — a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

manifoldnounUS /ˈmænəfoʊld/

a pipe that has several lateral outlets to or from other pipes

From this reading The effects of heat are manifold.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

SecondlyadverbUS /ˈsekəndli/

in the second place

From this reading Secondly.

solidifyverbUS /səˈlɪdəfaɪ/

make solid or more solid; cause to solidify

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

solidsnounUS /ˈsɑːlədz/

plural of “solid” — matter that is solid at room temperature and pressure

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

temperaturenounUS /ˈtemprətʃər/

the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

vapoursnoun

a state of depression

From this reading Heat _changes the form_ of bodies, converting solids into liquids, and liquids into vapours; while cold, on the other hand, condenses vapours into liquids, and causes liquids again to solidify or congeal.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading In the first place, an increase of temperature _expands_ or enlarges almost all bodies, while a decrease causes them to _contract_ or become diminished in bulk.

WONDERFULadjectiveUS /ˈwʌndərfəl/

extraordinarily good or great; used especially as intensifiers

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT.

Chapter 8 of The wonders of science by Henry Mayhew holds 83 sentences, grouped into 17 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The wonders of science contain?

Chapter 8 holds 83 sentences of The wonders of science, unabridged, divided into 17 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The wonders of science by Henry Mayhew exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 83 sentences, grouped into 17 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The wonders of science?

Work through the 17 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 17 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The wonders of science

Common questions about reading The wonders of science by Henry Mayhew on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The wonders of science?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The wonders of science is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The wonders of science take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The wonders of science section by section

How to work through The wonders of science section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in The wonders of science

Words and structures a reader meets early in The wonders of science, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of The wonders of science, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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