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The wonders of science
The wonders of science

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of The wonders of science is here in full — 187 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/37 · 5 lines
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THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT—(_continued_).
“But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.
Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”
Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.
The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The wonders of science

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of The wonders of science is here in full — 187 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/37 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT—(_continued_).
Line 2
“But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.
Line 3
Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”
/let ʌs siː naʊ wʌt əˈkɜːrz ˈdʊrɪŋ sʌtʃ ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/
Line 4
Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.
/əˈkɔːrdɪŋli ðə juːθ prəˈsiːdɪd tuː paʊnd sʌm aɪs ənd tuː kuːl ɪt daʊn ɪn ə ˈtʌmblər baɪ miːnz ʌv ə ˈfriːzɪŋ ˈmɪkstʃər tuː ðə ˈtemprətʃər ʌv ˈzɪroʊ/
Line 5
The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

converting verb US /kənˈvɜːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading ““But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.”

expands verb US /ɪkˈspændz/

third-person singular of “expand” — extend in one or more directions

liquids noun US /ˈlɪkwədz/

plural of “liquid” — a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure

From this reading ““But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.”

reviewed verb US /riˈvjuːd/

past form of “review” — look at again; examine again

From this reading ““But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.”

solids noun US /ˈsɑːlədz/

plural of “solid” — matter that is solid at room temperature and pressure

From this reading ““But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.”

tepid adjective US /ˈtepɪd/

moderately warm

From this reading “The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.”

tumbler noun US /ˈtʌmblər/

a gymnast who performs rolls and somersaults and twists etc.

From this reading “Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.”

zero adjective US /ˈzɪroʊ/

indicating the absence of any or all units under consideration

From this reading “Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

occurs during verb + particle counted as “occur during”

In this reading “Let us see now what occurs during such changes.””

by means preposition + noun

In this reading “Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.”

inserted in verb + particle counted as “insert in”

In this reading “The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

60

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

AccordinglyadverbUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

argand-lamp

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

bathnounUS /bæθ/

a vessel containing liquid in which something is immersed (as to process it or to maintain it at a constant temperature or to lubricate it)

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

bulknounUS /bʌlk/

the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

constantlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnstəntli/

without variation or change, in every case

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

continuedadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/

without stop or interruption

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT—(_continued_).

convertingverbUS /kənˈvɜːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

cooladjectiveUS /kuːl/

neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”

EFFECTSnounUS /ɪˈfekts/

property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT—(_continued_).

expandsverbUS /ɪkˈspændz/

third-person singular of “expand” — extend in one or more directions

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

experimentsnounUS /ɪkˈsperəmənts/

plural of “experiment” — the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

freezingnounUS /ˈfriːzɪŋ/

the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

HEATnounUS /hiːt/

a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT—(_continued_).

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

Humphry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

icenounUS /aɪs/

water frozen in the solid state

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

insertedverbUS /ˌɪnˈsɜːrtəd/

past form of “insert” — put or introduce into something

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

Letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”

liquidadjectiveUS /ˈlɪkwəd/

existing as or having characteristics of a liquid; especially tending to flow

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

liquidsnounUS /ˈlɪkwədz/

plural of “liquid” — a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

maintainedadjectiveUS /meɪnˈteɪnd/

kept in good condition

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

mixturenounUS /ˈmɪkstʃər/

(chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding)

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”

occursverbUS /əˈkɜːrz/

third-person singular of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT—(_continued_).

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

poundverbUS /paʊnd/

hit hard with the hand, fist, or some heavy instrument

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

previousadjectiveUS /ˈpriːviəs/

just preceding something else in time or order

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

proceededverbUS /prəˈsiːdɪd/

past form of “proceed” — continue talking

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

renderingnounUS /ˈrendərɪŋ/

a performance of a musical composition or a dramatic role etc.

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

reviewedverbUS /riˈvjuːd/

past form of “review” — look at again; examine again

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”

solidsnounUS /ˈsɑːlədz/

plural of “solid” — matter that is solid at room temperature and pressure

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”

temperaturenounUS /ˈtemprətʃər/

the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

tepidadjectiveUS /ˈtepɪd/

moderately warm

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT—(_continued_).

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

tumblernounUS /ˈtʌmblər/

a gymnast who performs rolls and somersaults and twists etc.

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”

vapoursnoun

a state of depression

From this reading “But heat,” said Humphry to himself, as he reviewed his previous experiments, “not only _expands_ the bulk of different bodies, but it _changes their form_, rendering certain solids liquid, and converting liquids into vapours.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Let us see now what occurs during such changes.”

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The tumbler was then inserted in a bath of tepid water, the temperature of which was maintained, by an argand-lamp beneath it, constantly at 60°.

WONDERFULadjectiveUS /ˈwʌndərfəl/

extraordinarily good or great; used especially as intensifiers

From this reading THE WONDERFUL EFFECTS OF HEAT—(_continued_).

youthnounUS /juːθ/

a young person (especially a young man or boy)

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

zeroadjectiveUS /ˈzɪroʊ/

indicating the absence of any or all units under consideration

From this reading Accordingly, the youth proceeded to pound some ice, and to cool it down in a tumbler by means of a freezing mixture to the temperature of zero.

Chapter 9 of The wonders of science by Henry Mayhew holds 187 sentences, grouped into 38 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of The wonders of science contain?

Chapter 9 holds 187 sentences of The wonders of science, unabridged, divided into 38 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of The wonders of science by Henry Mayhew exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 187 sentences, grouped into 38 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of The wonders of science?

Work through the 38 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 38 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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