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The wonders of science
The wonders of science

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of The wonders of science is here in full — 72 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
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THE WONDERS OF THE REFLEXION OF LIGHT.
Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.
This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).
The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.
Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The wonders of science

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of The wonders of science is here in full — 72 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE WONDERS OF THE REFLEXION OF LIGHT.
Line 2
Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.
Line 3
This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).
Line 4
The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.
Line 5
Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

constitutes verb US /ˈkɑːnstətuːts/

third-person singular of “constitute” — form or compose

From this reading “This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).”

deals noun US /diːlz/

plural of “deal” — a particular instance of buying or selling

From this reading “The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.”

luminous adjective US /ˈluːmənəs/

softly bright or radiant

From this reading “Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.”

regulate verb US /ˈreɡjəleɪt/

fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of

From this reading “Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.”

termed verb US /tɜːrmd/

past form of “term” — name formally or designate with a term

From this reading “The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.”

transmission noun US /trænˈsmɪʃən/

the act of sending a message; causing a message to be transmitted

From this reading “Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.”

transparent adjective US /trænˈsperənt/

transmitting light; able to be seen through with clarity

From this reading “Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.”

wonders noun US /ˈwʌndərz/

plural of “wonder” — the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising

From this reading “THE WONDERS OF THE REFLEXION OF LIGHT.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

due order adjective + noun

In this reading “Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.”

deals with verb + particle counted as “deal with”

In this reading “The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.”

any body adjective + noun

In this reading “The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.”

All words in this reading · 55

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AccordinglyadverbUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

branchnounUS /bræntʃ/

a division of some larger or more complex organization

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

catoptricsnoun

branch of optics dealing with formation of images by mirrors

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

consideredadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərd/

carefully weighed

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

constitutesverbUS /ˈkɑːnstətuːts/

third-person singular of “constitute” — form or compose

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

dealsnounUS /diːlz/

plural of “deal” — a particular instance of buying or selling

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

dioptrics

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.

fallsnounUS /fɔːlz/

the petals or sepals of a flower that bend downward (especially the outer perianth of an iris)

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

HithertoadverbUS /ˈhɪðɜːrˈtuː/

used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

Humphry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

ladnounUS /læd/

a boy or man

From this reading Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

LIGHTadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading THE WONDERS OF THE REFLEXION OF LIGHT.

luminousadjectiveUS /ˈluːmənəs/

softly bright or radiant

From this reading Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE WONDERS OF THE REFLEXION OF LIGHT.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.

raysnounUS /reɪz/

plural of “ray” — a column of light (as from a beacon)

From this reading Accordingly the lad passed, in due order, from the _transmission_ to the _reflexion_ of the luminous rays.

reflectedadjectiveUS /rɪˈflektɪd/

(especially of incident sound or light) bent or sent back

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

REFLEXIONnoun

the phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface

From this reading THE WONDERS OF THE REFLEXION OF LIGHT.

regulateverbUS /ˈreɡjəleɪt/

fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

termedverbUS /tɜːrmd/

past form of “term” — name formally or designate with a term

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE WONDERS OF THE REFLEXION OF LIGHT.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

thrownadjectiveUS /θroʊn/

caused to fall to the ground

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

transmissionnounUS /trænˈsmɪʃən/

the act of sending a message; causing a message to be transmitted

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

transparentadjectiveUS /trænˈsperənt/

transmitting light; able to be seen through with clarity

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Hitherto Humphry had considered only the laws which regulate the transmission of light through transparent bodies.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

WONDERSnounUS /ˈwʌndərz/

plural of “wonder” — the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising

From this reading THE WONDERS OF THE REFLEXION OF LIGHT.

δια

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

κατα

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The other branch, termed _catoptrics_ (from κατα, from, or against, and οπτομαι, to see), deals with the laws of light when it is reflected or thrown back from the surface of any body _against_ which it falls.

οπτομαι

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This constitutes the branch of the subject called _dioptrics_ (from δια, through, and οπτομαι, to see).

Chapter 16 of The wonders of science by Henry Mayhew holds 72 sentences, grouped into 15 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of The wonders of science contain?

Chapter 16 holds 72 sentences of The wonders of science, unabridged, divided into 15 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of The wonders of science by Henry Mayhew exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 72 sentences, grouped into 15 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of The wonders of science?

Work through the 15 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 15 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 16 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The wonders of science

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Is this the complete text of The wonders of science?

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Which edition of The wonders of science is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The wonders of science take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The wonders of science

Words and structures a reader meets early in The wonders of science, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of The wonders of science, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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