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The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1
The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 is here in full — 338 sentences across 68 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/67 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
[Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.
This is a better line.--WARTON.]
[Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.
Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.
The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 is here in full — 338 sentences across 68 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/67 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.
Line 2
This is a better line.--WARTON.]
Line 3
[Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.
Line 4
Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.
Line 5
The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]
/ðə ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti wɑːz kɑːzd baɪ poʊps bæd ənd ˌɪnˈvetərət ˈhæbət ʌv ˈpʌtɪŋ ðə əˈkjuːzətɪv keɪs bɪˈfɔːr ðə vɜːrb/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

accusative adjective US /əˈkjuːzətɪv/

containing or expressing accusation

From this reading “The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]”

ambiguity noun US /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/

an expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context

From this reading “The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]”

inveterate adjective US /ˌɪnˈvetərət/

habitual

From this reading “The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]”

leafless adjective US /ˈliːfləs/

having no leaves

From this reading “[Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.”

overshadow verb US /ˈoʊvərˈʃædoʊ/

be greater in significance than

From this reading “[Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.”

overshadowed verb US /ˌoʊvərˈʃædoʊd/

past form of “overshadow” — be greater in significance than

From this reading “Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.”

Pope's noun US /poʊps/

possessive form of “pope” — the head of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading “The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]”

verb noun US /vɜːrb/

the word class that serves as the predicate of a sentence

From this reading “The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

leafless trees adjective + noun counted as “leafless tree”

In this reading “[Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.”

rustling leaves noun + noun counted as “rustling leaf”

In this reading “[Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.”

All words in this reading · 63

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

57

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

58

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading This is a better line.--WARTON.]

accusativeadjectiveUS /əˈkjuːzətɪv/

containing or expressing accusation

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

alighting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

ambiguitynounUS /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/

an expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading This is a better line.--WARTON.]

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

causedverbUS /kɑːzd/

past form of “cause” — give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

contraryadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːntreri/

very opposed in nature or character or purpose

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

dovesnounUS /dʌvz/

plural of “dove” — any of numerous small pigeons

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

flocksnounUS /flɑːks/

plural of “flock” — a church congregation guided by a pastor

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

FootnotenounUS /ˈfʊtnoʊt/

a printed note placed below the text on a printed page

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

grovesnounUS /ɡroʊvz/

United States general who served as military director of the atomic bomb project (1896-1970)

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

habitnounUS /ˈhæbət/

an established custom

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

inveterateadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈvetərət/

habitual

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This is a better line.--WARTON.]

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

leaflessadjectiveUS /ˈliːfləs/

having no leaves

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading This is a better line.--WARTON.]

meanverbUS /miːn/

mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

nakedadjectiveUS /ˈneɪkəd/

completely unclothed

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

O'eradverb

throughout a period of time

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

objectedverbUS /əbˈdʒektəd/

past form of “object” — express or raise an objection or protest or criticism or express dissent

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

OriginallyadverbUS /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

overshadowverbUS /ˈoʊvərˈʃædoʊ/

be greater in significance than

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

overshadowedverbUS /ˌoʊvərˈʃædoʊd/

past form of “overshadow” — be greater in significance than

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

pointedadjectiveUS /ˈpɔɪntɪd/

having a point

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

PopenounUS /poʊp/

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

Pope'snounUS /poʊps/

possessive form of “pope” — the head of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

properlyadverbUS /ˈprɑːpərli/

in the right manner; correctly; suitably

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

puttingnounUS /ˈpʌtɪŋ/

hitting a golf ball that is on the green using a putter

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

rustlingnounUS /ˈrʌslɪŋ/

the stealing of cattle

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

shadedadjectiveUS /ˈʃeɪdɪd/

protected from heat and light with shade or shadow

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

Steevens

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This is a better line.--WARTON.]

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

understoodadjectiveUS /ˌʌndərˈstʊd/

fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

verbnounUS /vɜːrb/

the word class that serves as the predicate of a sentence

From this reading The ambiguity was caused by Pope's bad and inveterate habit of putting the accusative case before the verb.]

Wakefield

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [Footnote 58: Wakefield understood Pope to mean that the trees shaded the doves, and he objected that leafless trees could not properly be said to overshadow.

WARBURTON

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [Footnote 57: Originally: O'er rustling leaves around the naked groves.--WARBURTON.

WARTON

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This is a better line.--WARTON.]

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Steevens pointed out that it was the doves, on the contrary, which overshadowed the trees, by alighting on them in flocks.

Chapter 21 of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 by Alexander Pope holds 338 sentences, grouped into 68 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 contain?

Chapter 21 holds 338 sentences of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1, unabridged, divided into 68 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 by Alexander Pope exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 338 sentences, grouped into 68 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1?

Work through the 68 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 68 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 21 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1

Common questions about reading The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 by Alexander Pope on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1?

Yes. All 7442 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #32190 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #32190, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1489 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 section by section

How to work through The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Alexander
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Several
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hundred
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Unpublished
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.