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The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 is here in full — 421 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04
Context Illustration Reading 1/84 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.
The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.
Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.
The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.
Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 is here in full — 421 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/84 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.
/ˈiːvɪn ʌv ˈnɑːlədʒ ðoʊz pɑːrts ɑːr moʊst ˈiːzi wɪtʃ ɑːr ˈdʒenərəli ˈnesəseri/
Line 2
The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.
Line 3
Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.
/ˈfɪɡjərz ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəmz ənd rɪˈfaɪnmənts ɑːr ðə wɜːrk ʌv ðoʊz huːm ˈaɪdəlnəs meɪks ˈwɪri ʌv ðemˈselvz/
Line 4
The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.
/ðə ˈkɑːmərs ʌv ðə wɜːrld ɪz ˈkærid ɑːn baɪ ˈiːzi ˈmeθədz ʌv ˌkɑːmpjəˈteɪʃən/
Line 5
Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

calculations noun US /ˌkælkjəˈleɪʃənz/

plural of “calculation” — the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods

From this reading “Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.”

calculator noun US /ˈkælkjəleɪtər/

an expert at calculation (or at operating calculating machines)

From this reading “Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.”

commerce noun US /ˈkɑːmərs/

transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)

From this reading “The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.”

computation noun US /ˌkɑːmpjəˈteɪʃən/

the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods

From this reading “The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.”

criticisms noun US /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəmz/

plural of “criticism” — disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings

From this reading “Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.”

idleness noun US /ˈaɪdəlnəs/

having no employment

From this reading “Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.”

puzzle verb US /ˈpʌzəl/

be a mystery or bewildering to

From this reading “Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.”

refinements noun US /rɪˈfaɪnmənts/

plural of “refinement” — a highly developed state of perfection; having a flawless or impeccable quality

From this reading “Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.”

All words in this reading · 51

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.

calculationsnounUS /ˌkælkjəˈleɪʃənz/

plural of “calculation” — the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

calculatornounUS /ˈkælkjəleɪtər/

an expert at calculation (or at operating calculating machines)

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.

commercenounUS /ˈkɑːmərs/

transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)

From this reading The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.

computationnounUS /ˌkɑːmpjəˈteɪʃən/

the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods

From this reading The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.

criticismsnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəmz/

plural of “criticism” — disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

easyadjectiveUS /ˈiːzi/

posing no difficulty; requiring little effort

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

elegancies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.

EvenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

extendedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstendəd/

relatively long in duration; tediously protracted

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

FiguresnounUS /ˈfɪɡjərz/

plural of “figure” — a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

idlenessnounUS /ˈaɪdəlnəs/

having no employment

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

intercoursenounUS /ˈɪntərkɔːrs/

communication between individuals

From this reading The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.

inventedverbUS /ˌɪnˈventəd/

past form of “invent” — come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.

knowledgenounUS /ˈnɑːlədʒ/

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.

maintainedadjectiveUS /meɪnˈteɪnd/

kept in good condition

From this reading The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.

makesnounUS /meɪks/

plural of “make” — a recognizable kind

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

merelyadverbUS /ˈmɪrli/

and nothing more

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

methodsnounUS /ˈmeθədz/

plural of “method” — a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)

From this reading The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

puzzleverbUS /ˈpʌzəl/

be a mystery or bewildering to

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

questionsnounUS /ˈkwestʃənz/

plural of “question” — an instance of questioning

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

refinementsnounUS /rɪˈfaɪnmənts/

plural of “refinement” — a highly developed state of perfection; having a flawless or impeccable quality

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

requiredadjectiveUS /riˈkwaɪərd/

necessary for relief or supply

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

skillnounUS /skɪl/

an ability that has been acquired by training

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

societynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

Subtilty

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

wearyverbUS /ˈwɪri/

exhaust or get tired through overuse or great strain or stress

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Subtilty and study are required only when questions are invented merely to puzzle, and calculations are extended to show the skill of the calculator.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Even of knowledge, those parts are most easy which are generally necessary.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The intercourse of society is maintained without the elegancies of language.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Figures, criticisms, and refinements, are the work of those whom idleness makes weary of themselves.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading The commerce of the world is carried on by easy methods of computation.

Chapter 8 of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 by Samuel Johnson holds 421 sentences, grouped into 85 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 contain?

Chapter 8 holds 421 sentences of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04, unabridged, divided into 85 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 by Samuel Johnson exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 421 sentences, grouped into 85 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04?

Work through the 85 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 85 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04

Common questions about reading The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 by Samuel Johnson on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04?

Yes. All 5087 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12050 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12050, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 take to read?

About 423 minutes of reading across 1018 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 section by section

How to work through The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Johnson's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Works
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Adventurer
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Idler
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. in Nine — Volume 04; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.