Learn English through classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07
The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07

Chapter XII · Chapter 12

Chapter 12 of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 is here in full — 359 sentences across 72 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07
Context Illustration Reading 1/71 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAXONS.
Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.
This view will be the best comment on their institutions.
Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.
Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07

Chapter XII · Chapter 12

Chapter 12 of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 is here in full — 359 sentences across 72 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/71 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAXONS.
/ʌv ðə lɔːz ənd ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz ʌv ðə ˈsæksənz/
Line 2
Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.
/bɪˈfɔːr wiː bɪˈɡɪn tuː kənˈsɪdər ðə lɔːz ənd ˌkɑːnstɪˈtuːʃənz ʌv ðə ˈsæksənz let ʌs teɪk ə vjuː ʌv ðə steɪt ʌv ðə ˈkʌntri frʌm wens ðeɪ ɑːr dərˈaɪvd æz ɪt ɪz pɔːrˈtreɪd ɪn ˈeɪn.ʃənt ˈraɪtərz/
Line 3
This view will be the best comment on their institutions.
/ðɪs vjuː wɪl biː ðə best ˈkɑːment ɑːn ðer ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz/
Line 4
Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.
Line 5
Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.
/sʌtʃ ə ˈpiːpəl mʌst ˌnesəˈserəli biː juːˈnaɪtɪd tuː iːtʃ ˈʌðər baɪ ˈveri ˈfiːbəl bɑːndz ðer aɪˈdiːəz ʌv ˈɡʌvərmənt wɪl ˌnesəˈserəli biː ˌɪmˈpɜːrfɪkt ðer ˈfriːdəm ənd ðer lʌv ʌv ˈfriːdəm ɡreɪt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

agriculture noun US /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/

a large-scale farming enterprise

From this reading “Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.”

boundless adjective US /ˈbaʊndləs/

seemingly boundless in amount, number, degree, or especially extent

From this reading “Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.”

constitutions noun US /ˌkɑːnstɪˈtuːʃənz/

plural of “constitution” — law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

From this reading “Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.”

livelihood noun US /ˈlaɪvlihʊd/

the financial means whereby one lives

From this reading “Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.”

morasses noun US /mərˈæsɪz/

plural of “morass” — a soft wet area of low-lying land that sinks underfoot

From this reading “Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.”

neglecting verb US /nɪˈɡlektɪŋ/

-ing form of “neglect” — leave undone or leave out

From this reading “Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.”

portrayed adjective US /pɔːrˈtreɪd/

represented graphically by sketch or design or lines

From this reading “Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.”

saxons noun US /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading “OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAXONS.”

All words in this reading · 80

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

abhorring

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

agriculturenounUS /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/

a large-scale farming enterprise

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAXONS.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

artsnounUS /ɑːrts/

studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading This view will be the best comment on their institutions.

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading This view will be the best comment on their institutions.

bondsnounUS /bɑːndz/

plural of “bond” — an electrical force linking atoms

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

boundlessadjectiveUS /ˈbaʊndləs/

seemingly boundless in amount, number, degree, or especially extent

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

citiesnounUS /ˈsɪtiz/

plural of “city” — a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

commentnounUS /ˈkɑːment/

a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information

From this reading This view will be the best comment on their institutions.

considerverbUS /kənˈsɪdər/

deem to be

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

constitutionsnounUS /ˌkɑːnstɪˈtuːʃənz/

plural of “constitution” — law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

derivedadjectiveUS /dərˈaɪvd/

formed or developed from something else; not original

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

feebleadjectiveUS /ˈfiːbəl/

pathetically lacking in force or effectiveness

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

forestsnounUS /ˈfɔːrəsts/

plural of “forest” — the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

huntingnounUS /ˈhʌntɪŋ/

the pursuit and killing or capture of wild animals regarded as a sport

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

ideasnounUS /aɪˈdiːəz/

plural of “idea” — the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

imperfectadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɜːrfɪkt/

not perfect; defective or inadequate

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

INSTITUTIONSnounUS /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz/

plural of “institution” — an organization founded and united for a specific purpose

From this reading OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAXONS.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

LAWSnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAXONS.

learningnounUS /ˈlɜːrnɪŋ/

the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

livelihoodnounUS /ˈlaɪvlihʊd/

the financial means whereby one lives

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

morassesnounUS /mərˈæsɪz/

plural of “morass” — a soft wet area of low-lying land that sinks underfoot

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

necessarilyadverbUS /ˌnesəˈserəli/

in an essential manner

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

neglectingverbUS /nɪˈɡlektɪŋ/

-ing form of “neglect” — leave undone or leave out

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

occupiedadjectiveUS /ˈɑːkjəpaɪd/

held or filled or in use

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAXONS.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading This view will be the best comment on their institutions.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

ourselvespronounUS /aʊərˈselvz/

used when we are both doing the action and receiving it

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

pasturagenoun

succulent herbaceous vegetation of pasture land

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

pleasedadjectiveUS /pliːzd/

experiencing or manifesting pleasure

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

portrayedadjectiveUS /pɔːrˈtreɪd/

represented graphically by sketch or design or lines

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

rangenounUS /reɪndʒ/

an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

representverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzent/

take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

SAXONSnounUS /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAXONS.

seekingnounUS /ˈsiːkɪŋ/

the act of searching for something

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

solelyadverbUS /ˈsoʊəli/

without any others being included or involved

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

SuchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAXONS.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading This view will be the best comment on their institutions.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This view will be the best comment on their institutions.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

unitedadjectiveUS /juːˈnaɪtɪd/

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Such a people must necessarily be united to each other by very feeble bonds; their ideas of government will necessarily be imperfect, their freedom and their love of freedom great.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

whenceadverbUS /wens/

an old word meaning “from where”

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading This view will be the best comment on their institutions.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading Let us represent to ourselves a people without learning, without arts, without industry, solely pleased and occupied with war, neglecting agriculture, abhorring cities, and seeking their livelihood only from pasturage and hunting through a boundless range of morasses and forests.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Before we begin to consider the laws and constitutions of the Saxons, let us take a view of the state of the country from whence they are derived, as it is portrayed in ancient writers.

Chapter 12 of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 by Edmund Burke holds 359 sentences, grouped into 72 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 contain?

Chapter 12 holds 359 sentences of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07, unabridged, divided into 72 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 by Edmund Burke exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 359 sentences, grouped into 72 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07?

Work through the 72 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 72 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07

Common questions about reading The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 by Edmund Burke on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07?

Yes. All 4735 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #16292 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #16292, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 take to read?

About 394 minutes of reading across 947 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 section by section

How to work through The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 21 chapters of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

State
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Europe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Norman
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Invasion
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke — Vol. 07; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.