adeterminerUS /ə/
used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/
(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class
From this reading But the Norman conqueror threw down all these barriers.
andconjunctionUS /ənd/
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/
the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
ATprepositionUS /æt/
in or near a particular place or position
From this reading VIEW OF THE STATE OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE NORMAN INVASION.
barriersnounUS /ˈbæriərz/
plural of “barrier” — a structure or object that impedes free movement
From this reading But the Norman conqueror threw down all these barriers.
beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/
the past participle of “be”
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/
earlier than; in front of
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/
the -ing form of “be”
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
boundsnounUS /baʊndz/
the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/
used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before
From this reading But the Norman conqueror threw down all these barriers.
calamitiesnounUS /kəˈlæmətiz/
plural of “calamity” — an event resulting in great loss and misfortune
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
changedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪndʒd/
made or become different in nature or form
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
circumscribedadjectiveUS /ˌsɜːrkəmˈskraɪbd/
subject to limits or subjected to limits
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
communicationnounUS /kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən/
the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
conquerornounUS /ˈkɑːŋkərər/
someone who is victorious by force of arms
From this reading But the Norman conqueror threw down all these barriers.
consideredadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərd/
carefully weighed
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
continuedadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/
without stop or interruption
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
domesticadjectiveUS /dəˈmestɪk/
of concern to or concerning the internal affairs of a nation
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
downadjectiveUS /daʊn/
being or moving lower in position or less in some value
From this reading But the Norman conqueror threw down all these barriers.
EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/
a division of the United Kingdom
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
enlargedadjectiveUS /ˌenˈlɑːrdʒd/
(of an organ or body part) excessively enlarged as a result of increased size in the constituent cells
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
EUROPEnounUS /ˈjʊrəp/
the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
From this reading VIEW OF THE STATE OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE NORMAN INVASION.
everadverbUS /ˈevər/
at any time
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/
the act of departing
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/
the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
ignorancenounUS /ˈɪɡnərəns/
the lack of knowledge or education
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
inprepositionUS /ɪn/
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
INVASIONnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/
the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder
From this reading VIEW OF THE STATE OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE NORMAN INVASION.
islandnounUS /ˈaɪlənd/
a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/
apprehended with certainty
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
lawsnounUS /lɔːz/
the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/
limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/
social deportment
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
maximsnounUS /ˈmæksəmz/
plural of “maxim” — a saying that is widely accepted on its own merits
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
negotiationsnounUS /nəˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz/
plural of “negotiation” — a discussion intended to produce an agreement
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
NORMANnounUS /ˈnɔːrmən/
United States operatic soprano (born in 1945)
From this reading VIEW OF THE STATE OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE NORMAN INVASION.
OFprepositionUS /ʌv/
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading VIEW OF THE STATE OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE NORMAN INVASION.
openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/
used of mouth or eyes
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/
used to join alternatives or possibilities
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
ownverbUS /oʊn/
have ownership or possession of
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/
an amount of time
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
politicsnounUS /ˈpɑːlətɪks/
social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
preservedadjectiveUS /prəˈzɜːrvd/
prevented from decaying or spoiling and prepared for future use
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
restverbUS /rest/
not move; be in a resting position
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
scenenounUS /siːn/
the place where some action occurs
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
seriesnounUS /ˈsɪriz/
similar things placed in order or happening one after another
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/
from a time in the past until now
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
situationnounUS /ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃən/
the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
STATEnounUS /steɪt/
the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation
From this reading VIEW OF THE STATE OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE NORMAN INVASION.
suddenlyadverbUS /ˈsʌdənli/
happening unexpectedly
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
THEdeterminerUS /ðə/
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading VIEW OF THE STATE OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE NORMAN INVASION.
TheirdeterminerUS /ðer/
belonging to the people or things already mentioned
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/
the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned
From this reading But the Norman conqueror threw down all these barriers.
threwverbUS /θruː/
inflected form of “throw” — propel through the air
From this reading But the Norman conqueror threw down all these barriers.
thusadverbUS /ðʌs/
(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
TIMEnounUS /taɪm/
an instance or single occasion for some event
From this reading VIEW OF THE STATE OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE NORMAN INVASION.
toparticleUS /tuː/
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
treatverbUS /triːt/
interact in a certain way
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
VIEWnounUS /vjuː/
a way of regarding situations or topics etc.
From this reading VIEW OF THE STATE OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE NORMAN INVASION.
viewsnounUS /vjuːz/
plural of “view” — a way of regarding situations or topics etc.
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
warsnounUS /wɔːrz/
plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/
the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
wepronounUS /wiː/
the speaker together with one or more other people
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/
the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/
used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned
From this reading Before the period of which we are going to treat, England was little known or considered in Europe.
withprepositionUS /wɪð/
in the company of; together with
From this reading The English laws, manners, and maxims were suddenly changed; the scene was enlarged; and the communication with the rest of Europe, being thus opened, has been preserved ever since in a continued series of wars and negotiations.
withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/
inside; before a period of time has passed
From this reading Their situation, their domestic calamities, and their ignorance circumscribed the views and politics of the English within the bounds of their own island.
