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The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III
The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III is here in full — 22 sentences across 5 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III
Context Illustration Reading 1/4 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.
My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.
The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.
An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.
I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III is here in full — 22 sentences across 5 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/4 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.
/ðer kæn biː noʊ daʊt ðæt ˈevriθɪŋ ɪn ðə wɜːrld ɪz ˈɡʌvərnd baɪ fəˈtælɪti/
Line 2
My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.
/maɪ oʊn laɪf ɪz ə kənˈvɪnsɪŋ pruːf ʌv ðɪs ˈdɑːktrən/
Line 3
The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.
/ðə ɜːrl ʌv ˈtʃestərfiːld wɪð huːm aɪ wɑːz ə ɡreɪt ˈfeɪvərɪt hæd ˈprɑːməst miː ðæt aɪ ʃʊd hæv ðə fɜːrst ˈlɪvɪŋ ðæt fel tuː hɪz ɡɪft/
Line 4
An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.
/æn oʊld ˌɪnˈkʌmbənt ʌv ˈeɪti ˈhæpənd tuː daɪ ənd aɪ ˌɪˈmiːdiːətli ˈtrævəld poʊst tuː ˈlʌndən tuː riˈmaɪnd ðə ɜːrl ʌv hɪz ˈprɑːməs/
Line 5
I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.
/aɪ wɑːz ˈɑːnərd wɪð æn ˌɪˈmiːdiːət ˈɪntərvjuː ənd wɑːz rəˈsiːvd wɪð ðə ˈɡreɪtəst ˈkaɪndnəs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Chesterfield noun US /ˈtʃestərfiːld/

suave and witty English statesman remembered mostly for letters to his son (1694-1773)

From this reading “The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.”

convincing adjective US /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/

causing one to believe the truth of something

From this reading “My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.”

doctrine noun US /ˈdɑːktrən/

a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading “My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.”

eighty adjective US /ˈeɪti/

being ten more than seventy

From this reading “An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.”

fatality noun US /fəˈtælɪti/

a death resulting from an accident or a disaster

From this reading “There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.”

governed noun US /ˈɡʌvərnd/

the body of people who are citizens of a particular government

From this reading “There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.”

honored adjective US /ˈɑːnərd/

having an illustrious reputation; respected

From this reading “I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.”

incumbent adjective US /ˌɪnˈkʌmbənt/

lying or leaning on something else

From this reading “An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

convincing proof adjective + noun

In this reading “My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.”

greatest kindness adjective + noun

In this reading “I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.”

great favorite adjective + noun

In this reading “The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.”

in the world preposition + article + noun counted as “in … world”

In this reading “There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.”

own life verb + noun

In this reading “My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.

AndeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

ChesterfieldnounUS /ˈtʃestərfiːld/

suave and witty English statesman remembered mostly for letters to his son (1694-1773)

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

convincingadjectiveUS /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/

causing one to believe the truth of something

From this reading My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.

dieverbUS /daɪ/

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

doctrinenounUS /ˈdɑːktrən/

a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

earlnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

eightyadjectiveUS /ˈeɪti/

being ten more than seventy

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

fatalitynounUS /fəˈtælɪti/

a death resulting from an accident or a disaster

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

favoritenounUS /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

something regarded with special favor or liking

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

fellverbUS /fel/

cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

giftnounUS /ɡɪft/

something acquired without compensation

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

governednounUS /ˈɡʌvərnd/

the body of people who are citizens of a particular government

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

greatestadjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtəst/

highest in quality

From this reading I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

happenedverbUS /ˈhæpənd/

past form of “happen” — come to pass

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

honoredadjectiveUS /ˈɑːnərd/

having an illustrious reputation; respected

From this reading I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

immediateadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːət/

of the present time and place

From this reading I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.

immediatelyadverbUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːətli/

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

incumbentadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkʌmbənt/

lying or leaning on something else

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

interviewverbUS /ˈɪntərvjuː/

conduct an interview in television, newspaper, and radio reporting

From this reading I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

kindnessnounUS /ˈkaɪndnəs/

the quality of being warmhearted and considerate and humane and sympathetic

From this reading I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.

postverbUS /poʊst/

affix in a public place or for public notice

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

promiseverbUS /ˈprɑːməs/

make a promise or commitment

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

promisedverbUS /ˈprɑːməst/

past form of “promise” — make a promise or commitment

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

proofnounUS /pruːf/

any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something

From this reading My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading I was honored with an immediate interview, and was received with the greatest kindness.

remindverbUS /riˈmaɪnd/

put in the mind of someone

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading My own life is a convincing proof of this doctrine.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

travelledadjectiveUS /ˈtrævəld/

familiar with many parts of the world

From this reading An old incumbent of eighty happened to die, and I immediately travelled post to London to remind the earl of his promise.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The earl of Chesterfield, with whom I was a great favorite, had promised me that I should have the first living that fell to his gift.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading There can be no doubt that everything in the world is governed by fatality.

Chapter 2 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III by Voltaire holds 22 sentences, grouped into 5 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III contain?

Chapter 2 holds 22 sentences of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III, unabridged, divided into 5 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III by Voltaire exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 22 sentences, grouped into 5 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III?

Work through the 5 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 5 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III

Common questions about reading The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III by Voltaire on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III?

Yes. All 2517 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #49726 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #49726, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III take to read?

About 209 minutes of reading across 504 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III section by section

How to work through The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Limited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Thousand
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
America
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.