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The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III
The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III

Chapter XIII · Whether the Romans Encouraged Toleration

Chapter XIII of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III, “Whether the Romans Encouraged Toleration,” is here in full — 110 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
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Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.
Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.
Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).
Juvenal says: _Nec pueri credunt_ (“Nor do the children believe it”).
And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III

Chapter XIII · Whether the Romans Encouraged Toleration

Chapter XIII of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III, “Whether the Romans Encouraged Toleration,” is here in full — 110 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.
/əˈmʌŋ ðə ˈeɪn.ʃənt ˈroʊmənz frʌm ðə deɪz ʌv ˈrɑːmjələs tuː ðoʊz ɪn wɪtʃ ðə ˈkrɪstʃənz bɪˈɡæn tuː dɪsˈpjuːt wɪð ðə priːsts ʌv ðə ˈempaɪər wiː duː nɑːt faɪnd ə ˈsɪŋɡəl ˈɪnstəns ʌv ˈeni ˈpɜːrsən ˈbiːɪŋ ˈpɜːrsəkjuːtɪd ɑːn əˈkaʊnt ʌv hɪz ˈsentəmənts/
Line 2
Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.
Line 3
Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).
Line 4
Juvenal says: _Nec pueri credunt_ (“Nor do the children believe it”).
Line 5
And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Cicero noun US /ˈsɪsəroʊ/

a linear unit of the size of type slightly larger than an em

From this reading “Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.”

licence noun US /ˈlaɪsəns/

excessive freedom; lack of due restraint

From this reading “Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.”

naturalist noun US /ˈnætʃərələst/

an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms

From this reading “Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.”

Nec noun US /nek/

an acute inflammatory disease occurring in the intestines of premature infants; necrosis of intestinal tissue may follow

Pliny noun US /ˈplɪni/

Roman writer and nephew of Pliny the Elder; author of books of letters that commented on affairs of the day (62-113)

From this reading “Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.”

Romulus noun US /ˈrɑːmjələs/

(Roman mythology) founder of Rome; suckled with his twin brother Remus by a wolf after their parents (Mars and Rhea Silvia) abandoned them; Romulus killed Remus in an argument over the building of Rome

From this reading “Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.”

tam noun US /tæm/

a woolen cap of Scottish origin

From this reading “Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).”

underwent verb US /ˌʌndərˈwent/

inflected form of “undergo” — pass through

From this reading “Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

denying the existence verb + article + noun counted as “deny … existence”

In this reading “Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.”

single instance adjective + noun

In this reading “Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.”

old woman adjective + noun

a woman who is old

In this reading “Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).”

on account preposition + noun

In this reading “Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.”

any person adjective + noun

In this reading “Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.”

dispute with verb + particle

In this reading “Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.”

after death preposition + noun

In this reading “And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).”

All words in this reading · 111

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

AmongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

beginsnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnz/

plural of “begin” — Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992)

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading Juvenal says: _Nec pueri credunt_ (“Nor do the children believe it”).

ChristiansnounUS /ˈkrɪstʃənz/

plural of “christian” — a religious person who believes Jesus is the Christ and who is a member of a Christian denomination

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

CiceronounUS /ˈsɪsəroʊ/

a linear unit of the size of type slightly larger than an em

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

credat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

credunt

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Juvenal says: _Nec pueri credunt_ (“Nor do the children believe it”).

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

deniedverbUS /dɪˈnaɪd/

inflected form of “deny” — declare untrue; contradict

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

denyingverbUS /dɪˈnaɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “deny” — declare untrue; contradict

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

disputeverbUS /dɪsˈpjuːt/

take exception to

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

doubtedverbUS /ˈdaʊtɪd/

past form of “doubt” — consider unlikely or have doubts about

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

empirenounUS /ˈempaɪər/

the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

estnounUS /est/

standard time in the 5th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 75th meridian; used in the eastern United States

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

excors

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

existencenounUS /eɡˈzɪstəns/

the state or fact of existing

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

fellow-citizens

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

hellnounUS /hel/

any place of pain and turmoil

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

instancenounUS /ˈɪnstəns/

an occurrence of something

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

ipsaque

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

Juvenalnoun

Roman satirist who denounced the vice and folly of Roman society during the reign of the emperor Domitian (60-140)

From this reading Juvenal says: _Nec pueri credunt_ (“Nor do the children believe it”).

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

licencenounUS /ˈlaɪsəns/

excessive freedom; lack of due restraint

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

Lucretiusnoun

Roman philosopher and poet; in a long didactic poem he tried to provide a scientific explanation of the universe (96-55 BC)

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

maximnounUS /ˈmæksəm/

a saying that is widely accepted on its own merits

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

morsnoun

(Roman mythology) Roman god of death; counterpart of Thanatos

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

mortem

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

naturalistnounUS /ˈnætʃərələst/

an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

NaughtnounUS /nɔːt/

a quantity of no importance

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

nayexclamationUS /neɪ/

an old word for “no”

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

NecnounUS /nek/

an acute inflammatory disease occurring in the intestines of premature infants; necrosis of intestinal tissue may follow

From this reading Juvenal says: _Nec pueri credunt_ (“Nor do the children believe it”).

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

nihilnoun

(Latin) nil; nothing (as used by a sheriff after an unsuccessful effort to serve a writ)

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

NonadverbUS /nɑːn/

negation of a word or group of words

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

persecutedverbUS /ˈpɜːrsəkjuːtɪd/

past form of “persecute” — cause to suffer

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

PlinynounUS /ˈplɪni/

Roman writer and nephew of Pliny the Elder; author of books of letters that commented on affairs of the day (62-113)

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

PostverbUS /poʊst/

affix in a public place or for public notice

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

priestsnounUS /priːsts/

plural of “priest” — a clergyman in Christian churches who has the authority to perform or administer various religious rites; one of the Holy Orders

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

publiclyadverbUS /ˈpʌblɪkli/

in a manner accessible to or observable by the public; openly

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

pueri

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Juvenal says: _Nec pueri credunt_ (“Nor do the children believe it”).

quæ

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

repeatedadjectiveUS /rɪˈpiːtɪd/

recurring again and again

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

reproachnounUS /riˈproʊtʃ/

a mild rebuke or criticism

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

RomansnounUS /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

RomulusnounUS /ˈrɑːmjələs/

(Roman mythology) founder of Rome; suckled with his twin brother Remus by a wolf after their parents (Mars and Rhea Silvia) abandoned them; Romulus killed Remus in an argument over the building of Rome

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

sayingnounUS /ˈseɪɪŋ/

a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

sentimentsnounUS /ˈsentəmənts/

plural of “sentiment” — tender, romantic, or nostalgic feeling or emotion

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

sillyadjectiveUS /ˈsɪli/

ludicrous, foolish

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

singleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

speakingnounUS /ˈspiːkɪŋ/

the utterance of intelligible speech

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

tamnounUS /tæm/

a woolen cap of Scottish origin

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

theatrenounUS /ˈθiːətər/

a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

una

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

underwentverbUS /ˌʌndərˈwent/

inflected form of “undergo” — pass through

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And the following maxim was publicly repeated in the Roman theatre: _Post mortem nihil est, ipsaque mors nihil_ (“Naught after death; even death itself is naught”).

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Among the ancient Romans, from the days of Romulus to those in which the Christians began to dispute with the priests of the empire, we do not find a single instance of any person being persecuted on account of his sentiments.

womannounUS /ˈwʊmən/

an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading Cicero, in speaking of hell, says: _Non est una tam excors quæ credat_ (“There is not even an old woman so silly as to believe it”).

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Cicero doubted everything, Lucretius denied everything, and yet neither the one nor the other underwent the least reproach from their fellow-citizens; nay, so far did this licence go, that Pliny, the naturalist, begins his book by denying the existence of a God, and saying, that if there be one, it must be the sun.

Chapter 13 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III by Voltaire holds 110 sentences, grouped into 22 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III contain?

Chapter 13 holds 110 sentences of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III, unabridged, divided into 22 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III by Voltaire exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 110 sentences, grouped into 22 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III?

Work through the 22 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 22 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Vocabulary met early in The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Limited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Thousand
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IV of XLIII. — Vol. III; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
America
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Great
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