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Theatrical and Circus Life
Theatrical and Circus Life

Chapter XXII

Chapter 22 of Theatrical and Circus Life is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/30 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
OPERA AND OPERA SINGERS.
Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.
He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.
After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.
After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Theatrical and Circus Life

Chapter XXII

Chapter 22 of Theatrical and Circus Life is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
OPERA AND OPERA SINGERS.
/ˈɑːprə ənd ˈɑːprə ˈsɪŋərz/
Line 2
Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.
Line 3
He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.
Line 4
After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.
/ˈæftər rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ ðer sɪks jɪrz hiː muːvd tuː nuː jɔːrk bʌt nɑːt ˈpruːvɪŋ səkˈsesfəl ɪn ə ˈbɪznəs ˈventʃər rɪˈtɜːrnd tuː vərˈdʒɪnjə/
Line 5
After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

converted verb US /kənˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading “After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.”

Ferdinand noun US /ˈfɜːrdɪnænd/

the king of Castile and Aragon who ruled jointly with his wife Isabella

From this reading “Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.”

Naples noun US /ˈneɪpəlz/

a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region

From this reading “He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.”

proverbial adjective US /prəˈvɜːrbiəl/

of or relating to or resembling or expressed in a proverb

From this reading “Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.”

proving verb US /ˈpruːvɪŋ/

-ing form of “prove” — be shown or be found to be

From this reading “After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.”

Richmond noun US /ˈrɪtʃmənd/

capital of the state of Virginia located in the east central part of the state; was capital of the Confederacy during the American Civil War

From this reading “He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.”

settling noun US /ˈsetəlɪŋ/

a gradual sinking to a lower level

From this reading “He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.”

singers noun US /ˈsɪŋərz/

plural of “singer” — a person who sings

From this reading “OPERA AND OPERA SINGERS.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

OPERA SINGERS noun + noun counted as “opera singer”

In this reading “OPERA AND OPERA SINGERS.”

twenty-five years adjective + noun

In this reading “He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.”

six years noun + noun

In this reading “After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.”

proving successful verb + adjective counted as “prove successful”

In this reading “After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.”

church mouse noun + noun

a fictional mouse created by Lewis Carroll

In this reading “Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.”

first time adjective + noun

In this reading “After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.”

All words in this reading · 83

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1785

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

1835

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

1844

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

1869

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

2

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

afterwardsadverbUS /ˈæftərwərdz/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading OPERA AND OPERA SINGERS.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

builtadjectiveUS /bɪlt/

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

café

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

chambernounUS /ˈtʃeɪmbər/

a natural or artificial enclosed space

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

churchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

convertedverbUS /kənˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

diedverbUS /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

EuropenounUS /ˈjʊrəp/

the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

FebruarynounUS /ˈfebjəweri/

the month following January and preceding March

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

FerdinandnounUS /ˈfɜːrdɪnænd/

the king of Castile and Aragon who ruled jointly with his wife Isabella

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

HousenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

ItaliannounUS /ˌɪˈtæljən/

a native or inhabitant of Italy

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

mousenounUS /maʊs/

any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

movedadjectiveUS /muːvd/

being excited or provoked to the expression of an emotion

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

NaplesnounUS /ˈneɪpəlz/

a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

OPERAnounUS /ˈɑːprə/

a drama set to music; consists of singing with orchestral accompaniment and an orchestral overture and interludes

From this reading OPERA AND OPERA SINGERS.

Palmo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

Palmo's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

payingadjectiveUS /ˈpeɪɪŋ/

yielding a fair profit

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

presentedverbUS /priˈzentɪd/

past form of “present” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

proverbialadjectiveUS /prəˈvɜːrbiəl/

of or relating to or resembling or expressed in a proverb

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

provingverbUS /ˈpruːvɪŋ/

-ing form of “prove” — be shown or be found to be

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

remainingadjectiveUS /rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ/

not used up

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

returnedverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrnd/

past form of “return” — go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

RichmondnounUS /ˈrɪtʃmənd/

capital of the state of Virginia located in the east central part of the state; was capital of the Confederacy during the American Civil War

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

runverbUS /rʌn/

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

saloonnounUS /səˈluːn/

a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

SeptembernounUS /sepˈtembər/

the month following August and preceding October

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

settlingnounUS /ˈsetəlɪŋ/

a gradual sinking to a lower level

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

SINGERSnounUS /ˈsɪŋərz/

plural of “singer” — a person who sings

From this reading OPERA AND OPERA SINGERS.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

successfuladjectiveUS /səkˈsesfəl/

having succeeded or being marked by a favorable outcome

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

twenty-fiveadjectiveUS /ˈtwentifaɪv/

being five more than twenty

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

venturenounUS /ˈventʃər/

any venturesome undertaking especially one with an uncertain outcome

From this reading After remaining there six years he moved to New York, but not proving successful in a business venture returned to Virginia.

VirginianounUS /vərˈdʒɪnjə/

a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

visitsnounUS /ˈvɪzɪts/

plural of “visit” — the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading After paying two visits to Europe he again tried New York and built a café, which he run until 1835 when he opened a saloon chamber, which was afterwards converted by him into Palmo's Opera House, and in which Italian opera was for the first time presented to the American people on February 2, 1844.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading He was born in Naples in 1785 and came to America when twenty-five years old, settling in Richmond, Virginia.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading Ferdinand Palmo, who died in New York in September, 1869, as poor as the proverbial church mouse, was the father of Italian opera in this country.

Chapter 22 of Theatrical and Circus Life by John J. (John Joseph) Jennings holds 150 sentences, grouped into 30 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 22 of Theatrical and Circus Life contain?

Chapter 22 holds 150 sentences of Theatrical and Circus Life, unabridged, divided into 30 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 22 of Theatrical and Circus Life by John J. (John Joseph) Jennings exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 150 sentences, grouped into 30 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 22 of Theatrical and Circus Life?

Work through the 30 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 30 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 22 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 22 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Theatrical and Circus Life

Common questions about reading Theatrical and Circus Life by John J. (John Joseph) Jennings on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Theatrical and Circus Life?

Yes. All 5488 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #49517 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Theatrical and Circus Life is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #49517, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Theatrical and Circus Life take to read?

About 457 minutes of reading across 1098 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Theatrical and Circus Life section by section

How to work through Theatrical and Circus Life section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Theatrical and Circus Life to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Theatrical and Circus Life

Words and structures a reader meets early in Theatrical and Circus Life, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Secrets
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Theatrical and Circus Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stage
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Theatrical and Circus Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Green-room
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Theatrical and Circus Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sawdust
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Theatrical and Circus Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.