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Theatrical and Circus Life
Theatrical and Circus Life

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of Theatrical and Circus Life is here in full — 132 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/26 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE MINSTREL BOYS.
The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.
This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.
An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.
Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Theatrical and Circus Life

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of Theatrical and Circus Life is here in full — 132 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/26 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE MINSTREL BOYS.
/ðə ˈmɪnstrəl bɔɪz/
Line 2
The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.
Line 3
This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.
Line 4
An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.
Line 5
Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

banjo noun US /ˈbændʒoʊ/

a stringed instrument of the guitar family that has long neck and circular body

From this reading “An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.”

blacked verb US /blækt/

past form of “black” — make or become black

From this reading “Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.”

Ethiopian noun US /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiən/

a native or inhabitant of Ethiopia

From this reading “Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.”

Federal adjective US /ˈfedərəl/

national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units

From this reading “Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.”

minstrel noun US /ˈmɪnstrəl/

a singer of folk songs

From this reading “THE MINSTREL BOYS.”

originated verb US /ərˈɪdʒəneɪtəd/

past form of “originate” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading “The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.”

Pelham noun US /ˈpeləm/

a bit with a bar mouthpiece that is designed to combine a curb and snaffle

From this reading “The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.”

tambourine noun US /ˌtæmbərˈiːn/

a shallow drum with a single drumhead and with metallic disks in the sides

From this reading “An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

forty years adjective + noun

In this reading “The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.”

Fifty years noun + noun

In this reading “Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.”

first performance adjective + noun

In this reading “This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.”

first part adjective + noun

In this reading “An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.”

All words in this reading · 88

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1841

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

30th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

actverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

AndeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

appearedverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

banjonounUS /ˈbændʒoʊ/

a stringed instrument of the guitar family that has long neck and circular body

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

BillynounUS /ˈbɪli/

a short stout club used primarily by policemen

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

blackedverbUS /blækt/

past form of “black” — make or become black

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

BostonnounUS /ˈbɑːstən/

state capital and largest city of Massachusetts; a major center for banking and financial services

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

BOYSnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading THE MINSTREL BOYS.

Brower

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

combinationnounUS /ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃən/

a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

Dan

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

DecembernounUS /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

DicknounUS /dɪk/

someone who is a detective

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

Emmett

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

EthiopiannounUS /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiən/

a native or inhabitant of Ethiopia

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

FederaladjectiveUS /ˈfedərəl/

national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

fiddlenounUS /ˈfɪdəl/

bowed stringed instrument that is the highest member of the violin family; this instrument has four strings and a hollow body and an unfretted fingerboard and is played with a bow

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

FiftynounUS /ˈfɪfti/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and five

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

figuredadjectiveUS /ˈfɪɡjərd/

(of e.g. fabric design) adorned with patterns

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

FrankadjectiveUS /fræŋk/

characterized by directness in manner or speech; without subtlety or evasion

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

furnishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃt/

provided with whatever is necessary for a purpose (as furniture or equipment or authority)

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

givingnounUS /ˈɡɪvɪŋ/

the act of giving

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

Grawpner

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

happyadjectiveUS /ˈhæpi/

enjoying or showing or marked by joy or pleasure

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

instrumentsnounUS /ˈɪnstrəmənts/

plural of “instrument” — a device that requires skill for proper use

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

jaw-bone

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

MINSTRELnounUS /ˈmɪnstrəl/

a singer of folk songs

From this reading THE MINSTREL BOYS.

minstrelsynoun

a troupe of minstrels

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

negronounUS /ˈniːɡroʊ/

a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

organizedadjectiveUS /ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd/

formed into a structured or coherent whole, particularly on a large scale

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

originatedverbUS /ərˈɪdʒəneɪtəd/

past form of “originate” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

PelhamnounUS /ˈpeləm/

a bit with a bar mouthpiece that is designed to combine a curb and snaffle

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

performancenounUS /pərˈfɔːrməns/

a dramatic or musical entertainment

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

quartettenoun

four performers or singers who perform together

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

sangnounUS /sæŋ/

North American woodland herb similar to and used as substitute for the Chinese ginseng

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

seasonnounUS /ˈsiːzən/

a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

Serenaders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

shapenounUS /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

songnounUS /sɔːŋ/

a short musical composition with words

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

StreetnounUS /striːt/

a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

tambourinenounUS /ˌtæmbərˈiːn/

a shallow drum with a single drumhead and with metallic disks in the sides

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE MINSTREL BOYS.

TheatrenounUS /ˈθiːətər/

a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

VirginianounUS /vərˈdʒɪnjə/

a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War

From this reading This happy quartette organized the Virginia Serenaders in 1841, giving their first performance on December 30th.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Fifty years before the time of the Virginia Serenaders a Mr. Grawpner is said to have blacked up at the old Federal Street Theatre, in Boston, where he sang an Ethiopian song in character.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading An idea of the "first part" furnished by that combination was given last season, when Dan Emmett himself appeared with three others in an act in which the old jaw-bone figured, and the other instruments were banjo, tambourine and fiddle.

Whitlock

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The idea of negro minstrelsy in its present shape originated forty years ago with Dan Emmett, Frank Brower, Billy Whitlock and Dick Pelham.

Chapter 23 of Theatrical and Circus Life by John J. (John Joseph) Jennings holds 132 sentences, grouped into 27 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 23 of Theatrical and Circus Life contain?

Chapter 23 holds 132 sentences of Theatrical and Circus Life, unabridged, divided into 27 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 23 of Theatrical and Circus Life by John J. (John Joseph) Jennings exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 132 sentences, grouped into 27 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 23 of Theatrical and Circus Life?

Work through the 27 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 27 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 23 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 23 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Theatrical and Circus Life

Common questions about reading Theatrical and Circus Life by John J. (John Joseph) Jennings on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Theatrical and Circus Life?

Yes. All 5488 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #49517 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Theatrical and Circus Life is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #49517, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Theatrical and Circus Life take to read?

About 457 minutes of reading across 1098 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Theatrical and Circus Life section by section

How to work through Theatrical and Circus Life section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Theatrical and Circus Life to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Theatrical and Circus Life

Words and structures a reader meets early in Theatrical and Circus Life, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Secrets
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Theatrical and Circus Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stage
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Theatrical and Circus Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Green-room
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Theatrical and Circus Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sawdust
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Theatrical and Circus Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.