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Thomas Carlyle
Thomas Carlyle

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Thomas Carlyle is here in full — 426 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Thomas Carlyle
Context Illustration Reading 1/85 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.
Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.
But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.
The answer he gives is that of Schiller: "Welche der Religionen?
Keine von allen.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Thomas Carlyle

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Thomas Carlyle is here in full — 426 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/85 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.
Line 2
Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.
Line 3
But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.
Line 4
The answer he gives is that of Schiller: "Welche der Religionen?
Line 5
Keine von allen.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

carlyle's noun US /kɑːrˈlaɪlz/

possessive form of “carlyle” — Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)

From this reading “CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.”

ethics noun US /ˈeθɪks/

motivation based on ideas of right and wrong

From this reading “CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.”

factor noun US /ˈfæktər/

anything that contributes causally to a result

From this reading “Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.”

inconsistent adjective US /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/

displaying a lack of consistency

From this reading “But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.”

predecessors noun US /ˈpredəsesərz/

plural of “predecessor” — one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading “CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.”

Schiller noun US /ˈʃɪlər/

German romantic writer (1759-1805)

From this reading “The answer he gives is that of Schiller: "Welche der Religionen?”

traceable adjective US /ˈtreɪsəbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) able to be traced to

From this reading “CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.”

widest adjective US /ˈwaɪdəst/

superlative of “wide” — having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading “Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

actingnounUS /ˈæktɪŋ/

the performance of a part or role in a drama

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

advanceverbUS /ədˈvæns/

move forward, also in the metaphorical sense

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

allennounUS /ˈælən/

United States comedienne remembered as the confused but imperturbable partner of her husband, George Burns (1906-1964)

From this reading Keine von allen.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

answerverbUS /ˈænsər/

react verbally

From this reading The answer he gives is that of Schiller: "Welche der Religionen?

appearsverbUS /əˈpɪrz/

third-person singular of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

approachverbUS /əˈproʊtʃ/

move towards

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

bewilderinglyadverb

in a bewildering and confusing manner

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

CARLYLE'SnounUS /kɑːrˈlaɪlz/

possessive form of “carlyle” — Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

CreednounUS /kriːd/

any system of principles or beliefs

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

der

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The answer he gives is that of Schiller: "Welche der Religionen?

designedlyadverb

with intention; in an intentional manner

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

equalverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

ETHICSnounUS /ˈeθɪks/

motivation based on ideas of right and wrong

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

factornounUS /ˈfæktər/

anything that contributes causally to a result

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

faithnounUS /feɪθ/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

givesnounUS /ɡɪvz/

plural of “give” — the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length

From this reading The answer he gives is that of Schiller: "Welche der Religionen?

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

impossibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl/

not capable of occurring or being accomplished or dealt with

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

inconsistentadjectiveUS /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/

displaying a lack of consistency

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

INFLUENCEnounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

inneradjectiveUS /ˈɪnər/

located inward

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

Keine

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Keine von allen.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

PoliticsnounUS /ˈpɑːlətɪks/

social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

PowernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

precisionnounUS /priˈsɪʒən/

the quality of being reproducible in amount or performance

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

PREDECESSORSnounUS /ˈpredəsesərz/

plural of “predecessor” — one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

recordnounUS /rəˈkɔːrd/

anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

RELATIONnounUS /riˈleɪʃən/

an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of two entities or parts together

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

RELIGIONnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

Religionen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The answer he gives is that of Schiller: "Welche der Religionen?

retrogressionnoun

passing from a more complex to a simpler biological form

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

SchillernounUS /ˈʃɪlər/

German romantic writer (1759-1805)

From this reading The answer he gives is that of Schiller: "Welche der Religionen?

sensenounUS /sens/

a general conscious awareness

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

stagesnounUS /ˈsteɪdʒəz/

plural of “stage” — any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

supremeadjectiveUS /səˈpriːm/

final or last in your life or progress

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

TOparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

traceableadjectiveUS /ˈtreɪsəbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) able to be traced to

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

vagueadjectiveUS /veɪɡ/

not clearly expressed or understood

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

von

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Keine von allen.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

Welche

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The answer he gives is that of Schiller: "Welche der Religionen?

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading But when we further question his Creed, he is either bewilderingly inconsistent or designedly vague.

widestadjectiveUS /ˈwaɪdəst/

superlative of “wide” — having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading CARLYLE'S RELIGION AND ETHICS--RELATION TO PREDECESSORS--INFLUENCE The same advance or retrogression that appears in Carlyle's Politics is traceable in his Religion; though it is impossible to record the stages of the change with even an equal approach to precision.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Religion, in the widest sense--faith in some supreme Power above us yet acting for us--was the great factor of his inner life.

Chapter 10 of Thomas Carlyle by John Nichol holds 426 sentences, grouped into 86 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 10 of Thomas Carlyle contain?

Chapter 10 holds 426 sentences of Thomas Carlyle, unabridged, divided into 86 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 10 of Thomas Carlyle by John Nichol exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 426 sentences, grouped into 86 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 10 of Thomas Carlyle?

Work through the 86 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 86 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 10 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 10 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading Thomas Carlyle by John Nichol on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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