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Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and
Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and is here in full — 126 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and
Context Illustration Reading 1/25 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.
I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.
There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.
But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.
For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and is here in full — 126 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/25 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.
/ɪt ɪz ˈveri rer ˌɪnˈdiːd fɔːr men tuː biː rɔːŋ ɪn ðer ˈfiːlɪŋz kənˈsɜːrnɪŋ ˈpʌblɪk mɪˈskɑːndəkt æz rer tuː biː raɪt ɪn ðer ˌspekjəˈleɪʃən əˈpɑːn ðə kɑːz ʌv ɪt/
Line 2
I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.
Line 3
There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.
/ðer ɑːr bʌt ˈveri fjuː huː ɑːr ˈkeɪpəbəl ʌv kəmˈperɪŋ ənd daɪˈdʒestɪŋ wʌt ˈpæsəz bɪˈfɔːr ðer aɪz æt ˈdɪfərənt taɪmz ənd əˈkeɪʒənz soʊ æz tuː fɔːrm ðə hoʊl ˈɪntuː ə dɪˈstɪŋkt ˈsɪstəm/
Line 4
But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.
/bʌt ɪn bʊks ˈevriθɪŋ ɪz ˈsetəld fɔːr ðem wɪˈθaʊt ðə ɪɡˈzɜːrʃən ʌv ˈeni kənˈsɪdərəbəl ˈdɪlədʒəns ɔːr səˈɡæs.ə.t̬i/
Line 5
For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

comparing noun US /kəmˈperɪŋ/

the act of examining resemblances

From this reading “There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.”

digesting verb US /daɪˈdʒestɪŋ/

-ing form of “digest” — convert food into absorbable substances

From this reading “There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.”

diligence noun US /ˈdɪlədʒəns/

conscientiousness in paying proper attention to a task; giving the degree of care required in a given situation

From this reading “But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.”

exertion noun US /ɪɡˈzɜːrʃən/

use of physical or mental energy; hard work

From this reading “But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.”

generality noun US /ˌdʒenərˈæləti/

an idea or conclusion having general application

From this reading “I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.”

misconduct noun US /mɪˈskɑːndəkt/

bad or dishonest management by persons supposed to act on another's behalf

From this reading “It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.”

sagacity noun US /səˈɡæs.ə.t̬i/

The quality of being sagacious; keen wisdom and sound judgment. (Sự minh triết, sự sáng suốt.)

From this reading “But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.”

speculation noun US /ˌspekjəˈleɪʃən/

a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence

From this reading “It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.”

All words in this reading · 82

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

behindhandadjective

behind schedule

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

capableadjectiveUS /ˈkeɪpəbəl/

(usually followed by “of”) having capacity or ability

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

comparingnounUS /kəmˈperɪŋ/

the act of examining resemblances

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

concerningverbUS /kənˈsɜːrnɪŋ/

-ing form of “concern” — be relevant to

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

considerableadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/

large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

constantlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnstəntli/

without variation or change, in every case

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

digestingverbUS /daɪˈdʒestɪŋ/

-ing form of “digest” — convert food into absorbable substances

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

diligencenounUS /ˈdɪlədʒəns/

conscientiousness in paying proper attention to a task; giving the degree of care required in a given situation

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

distinctadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋkt/

(often followed by “from”) not alike; different in nature or quality

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

exertionnounUS /ɪɡˈzɜːrʃən/

use of physical or mental energy; hard work

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

feelingsnounUS /ˈfiːlɪŋz/

emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity)

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

fiftynounUS /ˈfɪfti/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and five

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

generalitynounUS /ˌdʒenərˈæləti/

an idea or conclusion having general application

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

misconductnounUS /mɪˈskɑːndəkt/

bad or dishonest management by persons supposed to act on another's behalf

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

occasionsnounUS /əˈkeɪʒənz/

something you have to do

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

passesnounUS /ˈpæsəz/

plural of “pass” — (baseball) an advance to first base by a batter who receives four balls

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

politicsnounUS /ˈpɑːlətɪks/

social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

rareadjectiveUS /rer/

not widely known; especially valued for its uncommonness

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

reflectionnounUS /rɪˈflekʃən/

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

sagacitynounUS /səˈɡæs.ə.t̬i/

The quality of being sagacious; keen wisdom and sound judgment. (Sự minh triết, sự sáng suốt.)

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

self-denialnoun

the trait of practicing self discipline

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

settledadjectiveUS /ˈsetəld/

established or decided beyond dispute or doubt

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

speculationnounUS /ˌspekjəˈleɪʃən/

a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

systemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading There are but very few who are capable of comparing and digesting what passes before their eyes at different times and occasions, so as to form the whole into a distinct system.

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading For which reason men are wise with but little reflection, and good with little self-denial, in the business of all times except their own.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading But in books everything is settled for them, without the exertion of any considerable diligence or sagacity.

wrongadjectiveUS /rɔːŋ/

not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth

From this reading It is very rare indeed for men to be wrong in their feelings concerning public misconduct; as rare to be right in their speculation upon the cause of it.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading I have constantly observed that the generality of people are fifty years, at least, behindhand in their politics.

Chapter 2 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke holds 126 sentences, grouped into 26 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and contain?

Chapter 2 holds 126 sentences of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and, unabridged, divided into 26 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 126 sentences, grouped into 26 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and?

Work through the 26 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 26 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Common questions about reading Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 1592 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2173 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2173, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and take to read?

About 132 minutes of reading across 319 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and section by section

How to work through Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Words and structures a reader meets early in Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Edmund
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Burke
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cassell
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Company
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.