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Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and
Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and is here in full — 126 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and
Context Illustration Reading 1/25 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.
The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.
I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.
This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.
The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and is here in full — 126 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/25 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.
Line 2
The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.
/ðə ˈpiːpəl wɪˈθaʊt ˈentərɪŋ ˈdiːpli ˈɪntuː ɪts ˈprɪnsəpəlz kʊd ˈpleɪnli pərˈsiːv ɪts ɪˈfekts ɪn mʌtʃ ˈvaɪələns ɪn ə ɡreɪt ˈspɪrət ʌv ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən ənd ə ˈdʒenərəl dɪˈsɔːrdər ɪn ɔːl ðə ˈfʌŋkʃənz ʌv ˈɡʌvərmənt/
Line 3
I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.
/aɪ kiːp maɪ aɪ ˈsoʊəli ɑːn ðɪs ˈsɪstəm ɪf aɪ spiːk ʌv ðoʊz ˈmeʒərz wɪtʃ hæv ərˈɪzən frʌm ɪt ɪt wɪl biː soʊ fɑːr ˈoʊnli æz ðeɪ ˈɪləstreɪt ðə ˈdʒenərəl skiːm/
Line 4
This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.
/ðɪs ɪz ðə ˈfaʊntən ʌv ɔːl ðoʊz ˈbɪtər ˈwɔːtərz ʌv wɪtʃ θruː ə ˈhʌndrəd ˈdɪfərənt kənˈdʌkts wiː hæv drʌŋk ənˈtɪl wiː ɑːr ˈredi tuː bɜːrst/
Line 5
The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.
/ðə dɪˈskreʃəneri ˈpaʊər ʌv ðə kraʊn ɪn ðə fɔːrˈmeɪʃən ʌv ˈmɪnəstri əˈbjuːzd baɪ bæd ɔːr wiːk men hæz ˈɡɪvən raɪz tuː ə ˈsɪstəm wɪtʃ wɪˈθaʊt dərˈektli ˈvaɪəleɪtɪŋ ðə ˈletər ʌv ˈeni lɔː ˈɑːpəreɪts əˈɡenst ðə ˈspɪrət ʌv ðə hoʊl ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

conducts noun US /kənˈdʌkts/

plural of “conduct” — manner of acting or controlling yourself

From this reading “This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.”

discretionary adjective US /dɪˈskreʃəneri/

having or using the ability to act or decide according to your own discretion or judgment

From this reading “The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.”

ferment noun US /fərˈment/

a state of agitation or turbulent change or development

From this reading “It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.”

illustrate verb US /ˈɪləstreɪt/

clarify by giving an example of

From this reading “I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.”

infusion noun US /ˌɪnˈfjuːʒən/

a solution obtained by steeping or soaking a substance (usually in water)

From this reading “It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.”

innovation noun US /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/

a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation

From this reading “The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.”

operates verb US /ˈɑːpəreɪts/

third-person singular of “operate” — direct or control; projects, businesses, etc.

From this reading “The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.”

violating verb US /ˈvaɪəleɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “violate” — fail to agree with; be in violation of; as of rules or patterns

From this reading “The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.”

All words in this reading · 100

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

abusedadjectiveUS /əˈbjuːzd/

used improperly or excessively especially drugs

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

arisenverbUS /ərˈɪzən/

inflected form of “arise” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

bitteradjectiveUS /ˈbɪtər/

marked by strong resentment or cynicism

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

burstverbUS /bɜːrst/

come open suddenly and violently, as if from internal pressure

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

conductsnounUS /kənˈdʌkts/

plural of “conduct” — manner of acting or controlling yourself

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

constitutionnounUS /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən/

law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

CrownnounUS /kraʊn/

the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

deeplyadverbUS /ˈdiːpli/

to a great depth psychologically or emotionally

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

directlyadverbUS /dərˈektli/

without deviation

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

discretionaryadjectiveUS /dɪˈskreʃəneri/

having or using the ability to act or decide according to your own discretion or judgment

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

disordernounUS /dɪˈsɔːrdər/

a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

drunkadjectiveUS /drʌŋk/

stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol)

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

effectsnounUS /ɪˈfekts/

property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

enteringnounUS /ˈentərɪŋ/

a movement into or inward

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

eyenounUS /aɪ/

the organ of sight

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

Favouritismnoun

an inclination to favor some person or group

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

fermentnounUS /fərˈment/

a state of agitation or turbulent change or development

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

formationnounUS /fɔːrˈmeɪʃən/

an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

fountainnounUS /ˈfaʊntən/

a structure from which an artificially produced jet of water arises

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

functionsnounUS /ˈfʌŋkʃənz/

plural of “function” — (mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function)

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

GovernmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

illustrateverbUS /ˈɪləstreɪt/

clarify by giving an example of

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

infusionnounUS /ˌɪnˈfjuːʒən/

a solution obtained by steeping or soaking a substance (usually in water)

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

innovationnounUS /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/

a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

keepverbUS /kiːp/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

measuresnounUS /ˈmeʒərz/

plural of “measure” — any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

MinistrynounUS /ˈmɪnəstri/

religious ministers collectively (especially Presbyterian)

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

operatesverbUS /ˈɑːpəreɪts/

third-person singular of “operate” — direct or control; projects, businesses, etc.

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

perceiveverbUS /pərˈsiːv/

to become aware of through the senses

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

plainlyadverbUS /ˈpleɪnli/

unmistakably (“plain” is often used informally for “plainly”)

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

popularadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːpjələr/

regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

principlesnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

plural of “principle” — a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

readyadjectiveUS /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

riseverbUS /raɪz/

move upward

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

schemenounUS /skiːm/

an elaborate and systematic plan of action

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

solelyadverbUS /ˈsoʊəli/

without any others being included or involved

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

systemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

unnaturaladjectiveUS /ənˈnætʃərəl/

not in accordance with or determined by nature; contrary to nature

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

violatingverbUS /ˈvaɪəleɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “violate” — fail to agree with; be in violation of; as of rules or patterns

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

violencenounUS /ˈvaɪələns/

an act of aggression (as one against a person who resists)

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

watersnounUS /ˈwɔːtərz/

United States actress and singer (1896-1977)

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading This is the fountain of all those bitter waters of which, through a hundred different conducts, we have drunk until we are ready to burst.

weakadjectiveUS /wiːk/

wanting in physical strength

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It is this unnatural infusion of a _system of Favouritism_ into a Government which in a great part of its constitution is popular, that has raised the present ferment in the nation.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The discretionary power of the Crown in the formation of Ministry, abused by bad or weak men, has given rise to a system, which, without directly violating the letter of any law, operates against the spirit of the whole constitution.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading I keep my eye solely on this system; if I speak of those measures which have arisen from it, it will be so far only as they illustrate the general scheme.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The people, without entering deeply into its principles, could plainly perceive its effects, in much violence, in a great spirit of innovation, and a general disorder in all the functions of Government.

Chapter 4 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke holds 126 sentences, grouped into 26 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and contain?

Chapter 4 holds 126 sentences of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and, unabridged, divided into 26 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 126 sentences, grouped into 26 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and?

Work through the 26 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Questions about reading Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

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Project Gutenberg eBook #2173, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 132 minutes of reading across 319 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Words and structures a reader meets early in Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Edmund
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Burke
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cassell
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Company
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.