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Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and
Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and is here in full — 134 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and
Context Illustration Reading 1/26 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.
It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.
The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.
It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.
This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and is here in full — 134 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/26 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.
/wen ˈeni kənˈstrʌkʃən ʌv lɔː ɡoʊz əˈɡenst ðə ˈspɪrət ʌv ðə ˈprɪvlədʒ ɪt wɑːz ment tuː səˈpɔːrt ɪt ɪz ə ˈvɪʃəs kənˈstrʌkʃən/
Line 2
It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.
Line 3
The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.
Line 4
It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.
/ɪt ɪz ə raɪt ðə ɪˈfekt ʌv wɪtʃ ɪz tuː ɡɪv tuː ðə ˈpiːpəl ðæt mæn ənd ðæt mæn ˈoʊnli huːm baɪ ðer ˈvɔɪsəz ˈæktʃuːəli nɑːt kənˈstrʌktɪvli ˈɡɪvən ðeɪ dɪˈkler ðæt ðeɪ noʊ əˈstiːm lʌv ənd trʌst/
Line 5
This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

constructively adverb US /kənˈstrʌktɪvli/

in a constructive manner

From this reading “It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.”

devices noun US /dɪˈvaɪsəz/

an inclination or desire; used in the plural in the phrase “left to your own devices”

From this reading “This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.”

fictions noun US /ˈfɪkʃənz/

plural of “fiction” — a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

From this reading “It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.”

representation noun US /ˌreprəzenˈteɪʃən/

a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

From this reading “This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.”

Roe noun US /roʊ/

fish eggs or egg-filled ovary; having a grainy texture

substituted verb US /ˈsʌbstətuːtɪd/

past form of “substitute” — put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items

From this reading “This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.”

technical adjective US /ˈteknɪkəl/

of or relating to technique or proficiency in a practical skill

From this reading “The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.”

types noun US /taɪps/

plural of “type” — a subdivision of a particular kind of thing

From this reading “It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.”

All words in this reading · 109

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

actualadjectiveUS /ˈæktʃəwəl/

presently existing in fact and not merely potential or possible

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

actuallyadverbUS /ˈæktʃuːəli/

in actual fact

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

answerverbUS /ˈænsər/

react verbally

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

anythingpronounUS /ˈeniθɪŋ/

any thing at all

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

bona

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

choicenounUS /tʃɔɪs/

the person or thing chosen or selected

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

chosennounUS /ˈtʃoʊzən/

one who is the object of choice; who is given preference

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

constructionnounUS /kənˈstrʌkʃən/

the act of constructing something

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

constructivelyadverbUS /kənˈstrʌktɪvli/

in a constructive manner

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

creaturenounUS /ˈkriːtʃər/

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

declareverbUS /dɪˈkler/

state emphatically and authoritatively

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

devicesnounUS /dɪˈvaɪsəz/

an inclination or desire; used in the plural in the phrase “left to your own devices”

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

DoenounUS /doʊ/

the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States; created in 1977

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

electionnounUS /ɪˈlekʃən/

a vote to select the winner of a position or political office

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

ens

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

esteemnounUS /əˈstiːm/

the condition of being honored (esteemed or respected or well regarded)

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

feelingnounUS /ˈfiːlɪŋ/

the experiencing of affective and emotional states

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

fictionsnounUS /ˈfɪkʃənz/

plural of “fiction” — a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

fide

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

goesnounUS /ɡoʊz/

plural of “go” — a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

JohnnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

judgingnounUS /ˈdʒʌdʒɪŋ/

the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

Maevius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

meantverbUS /ment/

inflected form of “mean” — mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

merelyadverbUS /ˈmɪrli/

and nothing more

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

methodnounUS /ˈmeθəd/

a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

principlenounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

privilegenounUS /ˈprɪvlədʒ/

a special advantage or immunity or benefit not enjoyed by all

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

rationis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

reasoningnounUS /ˈriːzənɪŋ/

thinking that is coherent and logical

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

representationnounUS /ˌreprəzenˈteɪʃən/

a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

representedadjectiveUS /ˌreprɪˈzentɪd/

represented accurately or precisely

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

Richard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

RoenounUS /roʊ/

fish eggs or egg-filled ovary; having a grainy texture

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

rulenounUS /ruːl/

a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

satisfiedadjectiveUS /ˈsætəsfaɪd/

filled with satisfaction

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

satisfyverbUS /ˈsætəsfaɪ/

meet the requirements or expectations of

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

shadowsnounUS /ˈʃædoʊz/

plural of “shadow” — shade within clear boundaries

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

speciallyadverbUS /ˈspeʃəli/

in a special manner

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

substituteverbUS /ˈsʌbstətuːt/

put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

substitutedverbUS /ˈsʌbstətuːtɪd/

past form of “substitute” — put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

supportnounUS /səˈpɔːrt/

the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

technicaladjectiveUS /ˈteknɪkəl/

of or relating to technique or proficiency in a practical skill

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

Titius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

trustnounUS /trʌst/

something (as property) held by one party (the trustee) for the benefit of another (the beneficiary)

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

typesnounUS /taɪps/

plural of “type” — a subdivision of a particular kind of thing

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading It is material to us to be represented really and bona fide, and not in forms, in types, and shadows, and fictions of law.

viciousadjectiveUS /ˈvɪʃəs/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

voicesnounUS /ˈvɔɪsəz/

plural of “voice” — the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When any construction of law goes against the spirit of the privilege it was meant to support, it is a vicious construction.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading It is a right, the effect of which is to give to the people that man, and that man only, whom by their voices, actually, not constructively given, they declare that they know, esteem, love, and trust.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The right of election was not established merely as a _matter of form_, to satisfy some method and rule of technical reasoning; it was not a principle which might substitute a _Titius_ or a _Maevius_, a _John Doe_ or _Richard Roe_, in the place of a man specially chosen; not a principle which was just as well satisfied with one man as with another.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading This right is a matter within their own power of judging and feeling; not an _ens rationis_ and creature of law: nor can those devices, by which anything else is substituted in the place of such an actual choice, answer in the least degree the end of representation.

Chapter 7 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke holds 134 sentences, grouped into 27 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and contain?

Chapter 7 holds 134 sentences of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and, unabridged, divided into 27 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 134 sentences, grouped into 27 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and?

Work through the 27 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 27 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

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Project Gutenberg eBook #2173, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and take to read?

About 132 minutes of reading across 319 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and section by section

How to work through Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Words and structures a reader meets early in Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Edmund
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Burke
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cassell
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Company
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.