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Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and
Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Chapter XIII · Chapter 13

Chapter 13 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and is here in full — 96 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and
Context Illustration Reading 1/19 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.
Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.
We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.
The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.
This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Chapter XIII · Chapter 13

Chapter 13 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and is here in full — 96 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/19 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.
/ðə ˈriːzən fɔːr ðə kraʊn æz ɪt ɪz fɔːr ðə lɔːrdz æz ðeɪ ɑːr ɪz maɪ ˈriːzən fɔːr ðə ˈkɑːmənz æz ðeɪ ɑːr ðə ɪˈlektərz æz ðeɪ ɑːr/
Line 2
Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.
Line 3
We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.
/wiː ənd ˈaʊər ɪˈlektərz hæv ˈpaʊərz ənd ˈprɪvlədʒəz boʊθ meɪd ənd ˌsɜːrkəmˈskraɪbd baɪ prəˈskrɪpʃən æz mʌtʃ tuː ðə fʊl æz ðə ˈʌðər pɑːrts ənd æz sʌtʃ wiː hæv ˈɔːlweɪz kleɪmd ðem ənd ɑːn noʊ ˈʌðər ˈtaɪtəl/
Line 4
The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.
Line 5
This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aggregate noun US /ˈæɡrəɡət/

the whole amount

From this reading “This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.”

circumscribed adjective US /ˌsɜːrkəmˈskraɪbd/

subject to limits or subjected to limits

From this reading “We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.”

Commons noun US /ˈkɑːmənz/

a piece of open land for recreational use in an urban area

From this reading “The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.”

corporate adjective US /ˈkɔːrpərət/

of or belonging to a corporation

From this reading “The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.”

electors noun US /ɪˈlektərz/

plural of “elector” — a citizen who has a legal right to vote

From this reading “The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.”

essentially adverb US /eˈsenʃəli/

in essence; at bottom or by one's (or its) very nature

From this reading “This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.”

legislative adjective US /ˈledʒəsleɪtɪv/

relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature

From this reading “The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.”

prescription noun US /prəˈskrɪpʃən/

directions prescribed beforehand; the action of prescribing authoritative rules or directions

From this reading “We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.”

All words in this reading · 73

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

aggregatenounUS /ˈæɡrəɡət/

the whole amount

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

burgesses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

circumscribedadjectiveUS /ˌsɜːrkəmˈskraɪbd/

subject to limits or subjected to limits

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

citizensnounUS /ˈsɪtəzənz/

plural of “citizen” — a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

claimedverbUS /kleɪmd/

past form of “claim” — assert or affirm strongly; state to be true or existing

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

collectionnounUS /kəˈlekʃən/

several things grouped together or considered as a whole

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

CommonsnounUS /ˈkɑːmənz/

a piece of open land for recreational use in an urban area

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

corporateadjectiveUS /ˈkɔːrpərət/

of or belonging to a corporation

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

CrownnounUS /kraʊn/

the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

electorsnounUS /ɪˈlektərz/

plural of “elector” — a citizen who has a legal right to vote

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

essentiallyadverbUS /eˈsenʃəli/

in essence; at bottom or by one's (or its) very nature

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

existingadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ/

presently existing

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

HousenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

judicatures

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

knightsnounUS /naɪts/

plural of “knight” — originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

legislativeadjectiveUS /ˈledʒəsleɪtɪv/

relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

LordsnounUS /lɔːrdz/

plural of “lord” — terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

originnounUS /ˈɔːrədʒən/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

powersnounUS /ˈpaʊərz/

plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

prescriptionnounUS /prəˈskrɪpʃən/

directions prescribed beforehand; the action of prescribing authoritative rules or directions

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

prescriptiveadjective

pertaining to giving directives or rules

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

prescriptively

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

privilegesnounUS /ˈprɪvlədʒəz/

plural of “privilege” — a special advantage or immunity or benefit not enjoyed by all

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

theorynounUS /ˈθɪri/

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The reason for the Crown as it is, for the Lords as they are, is my reason for the Commons as they are, the electors as they are.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

titlenounUS /ˈtaɪtəl/

a heading that names a statute or legislative bill; may give a brief summary of the matters it deals with

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The House of Commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription, not made upon any given theory, but existing prescriptively--just like the rest.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Now, if the Crown and the Lords, and the judicatures, are all prescriptive, so is the House of Commons of the very same origin, and of no other.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We and our electors have powers and privileges both made and circumscribed by prescription, as much to the full as the other parts; and as such we have always claimed them, and on no other title.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading This prescription has made it essentially what it is--an aggregate collection of three parts--knights, citizens, burgesses.

Chapter 13 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke holds 96 sentences, grouped into 20 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and contain?

Chapter 13 holds 96 sentences of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and, unabridged, divided into 20 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 96 sentences, grouped into 20 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and?

Work through the 20 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 20 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Common questions about reading Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and by Edmund Burke on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #2173, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 132 minutes of reading across 319 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and section by section

How to work through Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and

Words and structures a reader meets early in Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Edmund
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Burke
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cassell
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Company
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Thoughts on the Present Discontents, and; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.