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Trafalgar: A Tale
Trafalgar: A Tale

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Trafalgar: A Tale is here in full — 31 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/6 · 5 lines
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Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.
He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.
He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.
He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.
From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Trafalgar: A Tale

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Trafalgar: A Tale is here in full — 31 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/6 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.
Line 2
He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.
Line 3
He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.
Line 4
He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.
Line 5
From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.
/frʌm ðæt taɪm maɪ ˈmæstər huːz prəˈmoʊʃən hæd bɪn ˈsloʊər ðæn hɪz ləˈbɔːriəs ənd ˈverid kərˈɪr hæd ˈmerɪtɪd rɪˈtaɪrd frʌm ˈæktɪv ˈsɜːrvəs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Cartagena noun US /ˌkɑːrtəˈdʒiːnə/

a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean

From this reading “He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.”

corvette noun US /kɔːrˈvet/

a highly maneuverable escort warship; smaller than a destroyer

From this reading “He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.”

Gibraltar noun US /dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/

location of a colony of the United Kingdom on a limestone promontory at the southern tip of Spain; strategically important because it can control the entrance of ships into the Mediterranean; one of the Pillars of Hercules

From this reading “He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.”

Havana noun US /həˈvænə/

the capital and largest city of Cuba; located in western Cuba; one of the oldest cities in the Americas

From this reading “He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.”

laborious adjective US /ləˈbɔːriəs/

characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort

From this reading “From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.”

Magellan noun US /məˈdʒelən/

Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain; he commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521)

From this reading “He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.”

merited adjective US /ˈmerɪtɪd/

properly deserved

From this reading “From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.”

terminating verb US /ˈtɜːrməneɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “terminate” — bring to an end or halt

From this reading “He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

de la noun + noun

In this reading “He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.”

active service adjective + noun

In this reading “From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.”

early age adjective + noun

In this reading “He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.”

old family adjective + noun

In this reading “Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.”

sailed from verb + particle counted as “sail from”

In this reading “He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.”

All words in this reading · 107

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1748

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

1775

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

1782

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

1793

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

activeadjectiveUS /ˈæktɪv/

tending to become more severe or wider in scope

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

afterwardsadverbUS /ˈæftərwərdz/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

Alfonso

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

Algerines

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

Anglo-Spanish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

Antonio

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

attacknounUS /əˈtæk/

(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

belongedverbUS /bɪˈlɔːŋd/

past form of “belong” — be owned by; be in the possession of

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

Cabeza

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

CapenounUS /keɪp/

a strip of land projecting into a body of water

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

careernounUS /kərˈɪr/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

CartagenanounUS /ˌkɑːrtəˈdʒiːnə/

a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

Cisniega

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

commandedverbUS /kəˈmændɪd/

past form of “command” — be in command of

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

corvettenounUS /kɔːrˈvet/

a highly maneuverable escort warship; smaller than a destroyer

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

Crillon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

Córdova

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

defendingadjectiveUS /dɪˈfendɪŋ/

attempting to or designed to prevent an opponent from winning or scoring

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

devotedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvoʊtɪd/

zealous in devotion or affection

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

disastrousadjectiveUS /dɪˈzæstrəs/

(of events) having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

DonnounUS /dɑːn/

a Spanish gentleman or nobleman

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

DukenounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

engagedadjectiveUS /enˈɡeɪdʒd/

having ones attention or mind or energy engaged

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

engagementsnounUS /enˈɡeɪdʒmənts/

plural of “engagement” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

expeditionnounUS /ˌekspəˈdɪʃən/

a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

fleetnounUS /fliːt/

group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

forcedadjectiveUS /fɔːrst/

produced by or subjected to forcing

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

GibraltarnounUS /dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/

location of a colony of the United Kingdom on a limestone promontory at the southern tip of Spain; strategically important because it can control the entrance of ships into the Mediterranean; one of the Pillars of Hercules

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

gloriousadjectiveUS /ˈɡlɔːriəs/

having or deserving or conferring glory

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

glorynounUS /ˈɡlɔːri/

a state of high honor

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

Gutierrez

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

HavananounUS /həˈvænə/

the capital and largest city of Cuba; located in western Cuba; one of the oldest cities in the Americas

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

joinedadjectiveUS /dʒɔɪnd/

of or relating to two people who are married to each other

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

lanounUS /lɑː/

a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

laboriousadjectiveUS /ləˈbɔːriəs/

characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

MagellannounUS /məˈdʒelən/

Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain; he commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521)

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

María

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

masternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

Mejicano

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

meritedadjectiveUS /ˈmerɪtɪd/

properly deserved

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

navaladjectiveUS /ˈneɪvəl/

connected with or belonging to or used in a navy

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

promotionnounUS /prəˈmoʊʃən/

a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

retiredadjectiveUS /rɪˈtaɪrd/

no longer active in your work or profession

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

sailedverbUS /seɪld/

past form of “sail” — traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

SantanounUS /ˈsæntə/

the legendary patron saint of children; an imaginary being who is thought to bring presents to children at Christmas

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

sloweradverbUS /ˈsloʊər/

more slowly

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

StraitsnounUS /streɪts/

a bad or difficult situation or state of affairs

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

subsequentlyadverbUS /ˈsʌbsəkwəntli/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

surrendernounUS /sərˈendər/

acceptance of despair

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

terminatingverbUS /ˈtɜːrməneɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “terminate” — bring to an end or halt

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

Toulonnoun

a port city and naval base in southeastern France on the Mediterranean coast

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

variedadjectiveUS /ˈverid/

characterized by variety

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

Vejer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

Vincent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading He subsequently joined the expedition to the Straits of Magellan in the corvette _Santa María de la Cabeza_, commanded by Don Antonio de Córdova, and fought in the glorious engagements between the Anglo-Spanish fleet and the French before Toulon in 1793, terminating his career of glory at the disastrous battle of Cape St. Vincent, where he commanded the _Mejicano_, one of the ships which were forced to surrender.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Don Alfonso Gutierrez de Cisniega belonged to an old family of Vejer, where he lived.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading He was afterwards engaged in the expedition which sailed from Cartagena against the Algerines in 1775, and was present at the attack upon Gibraltar under the Duke de Crillon in 1782.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading From that time my master, whose promotion had been slower than his laborious and varied career had merited, retired from active service.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading He had been devoted at an early age to a naval career and, while still quite young, had distinguished himself in defending Havana against the English in 1748.

Chapter 3 of Trafalgar: A Tale by Benito Pérez Galdós holds 31 sentences, grouped into 7 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Trafalgar: A Tale contain?

Chapter 3 holds 31 sentences of Trafalgar: A Tale, unabridged, divided into 7 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Trafalgar: A Tale by Benito Pérez Galdós exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 31 sentences, grouped into 7 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Trafalgar: A Tale?

Work through the 7 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 7 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Trafalgar: A Tale

Common questions about reading Trafalgar: A Tale by Benito Pérez Galdós on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Trafalgar: A Tale?

Yes. All 2073 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #47980 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Trafalgar: A Tale is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #47980, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Trafalgar: A Tale take to read?

About 172 minutes of reading across 415 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Trafalgar: A Tale section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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Vocabulary met early in Trafalgar: A Tale

Words and structures a reader meets early in Trafalgar: A Tale, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Https
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Trafalgar: A Tale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Spanish
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Trafalgar: A Tale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Clara
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Trafalgar: A Tale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Revised
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Trafalgar: A Tale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.