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Tragedy
Tragedy

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Tragedy is here in full — 237 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/47 · 5 lines
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THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.
Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.
Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.
Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Tragedy

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Tragedy is here in full — 237 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/47 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.
Line 2
Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.
/ˈaʊər ˈnɑːlədʒ ʌv ðə ˈdrɑːmə ˈdʊrɪŋ ðɪs ˈpɪriəd ɪz ˈskænti ənd ðer ɑːr fjuː ˈekstənt ˈtrædʒədiz ɔːr pleɪz rɪˈzembəlɪŋ ˈtrædʒədi/
Line 3
Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.
/bɪˈfɔːr ɪɡˈzæmɪnɪŋ ðiːz pleɪz wɪð ðə dɪˈteɪl wɪtʃ ðer hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl pəˈzɪʃən dɪˈmændz ɪt wɪl biː ˈnesəseri fɜːrst tuː ɡlæns æt ðə θiˈætrɪkəl kənˈdɪʃənz/
Line 4
Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
/ˈrefərəns hæz bɪn meɪd tuː sʌm ʌv ðə ˈtʃeɪndʒəz ðæt hæd bɪn ˈwɜːrkɪŋ ə ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən frʌm ðə kənˈdɪʃənz ʌv ðə ˈpɑːpjələr pərˈfɔːrməns ʌv ðə rɪˈlɪdʒəs ˈdrɑːmə ɪn ðə ˈfɔːrˈtiːnθ ənd fɪfˈtiːnθ ˈsentʃəriz/
Line 5
Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

beginnings noun US /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋz/

plural of “beginning” — the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading “THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.”

extant adjective US /ˈekstənt/

still in existence; not extinct or destroyed or lost

From this reading “Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.”

fifteenth adjective US /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading “Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.”

fourteenth adjective US /ˈfɔːrˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the thirteenth in position

From this reading “Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.”

guilds noun US /ɡɪldz/

plural of “guild” — a formal association of people with similar interests

From this reading “Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.”

improvised adjective US /ˈɪmprəvaɪzd/

done or made using whatever is available

From this reading “Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.”

pageants noun US /ˈpædʒənts/

plural of “pageant” — an elaborate representation of scenes from history etc; usually involves a parade with rich costumes

From this reading “Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.”

tragedies noun US /ˈtrædʒədiz/

plural of “tragedy” — an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading “Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fifteenth centuries adjective + noun counted as “fifteenth century”

In this reading “Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.”

open air verb + noun

where the air is unconfined

In this reading “Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.”

large extent adjective + noun

In this reading “Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.”

glance at verb + particle

In this reading “Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.”

into the halls preposition + article + noun counted as “into … hall”

In this reading “Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.”

plays with verb + particle counted as “play with”

In this reading “Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.”

passed from verb + particle counted as “pass from”

In this reading “Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.”

All words in this reading · 101

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1562

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

1587

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

actorsnounUS /ˈæktərz/

plural of “actor” — a theatrical performer

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

amateurnounUS /ˈæmətɜːr/

someone who pursues a study or sport as a pastime

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

BEGINNINGSnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋz/

plural of “beginning” — the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

careernounUS /kərˈɪr/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

chapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

companiesnounUS /ˈkʌmpəniːz/

plural of “company” — an institution created to conduct business

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

conditionsnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

controlnounUS /kənˈtroʊl/

power to direct or determine

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

demandsnounUS /dɪˈmændz/

plural of “demand” — an urgent or peremptory request

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

detailnounUS /dɪˈteɪl/

an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

dramanounUS /ˈdrɑːmə/

a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

examiningverbUS /ɪɡˈzæmɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “examine” — consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

extantadjectiveUS /ˈekstənt/

still in existence; not extinct or destroyed or lost

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

fifteenthadjectiveUS /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

fixedadjectiveUS /fɪkst/

(of a number) having a fixed and unchanging value

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

fourteenthadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the thirteenth in position

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

glanceverbUS /ɡlæns/

throw a glance at; take a brief look at

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

Gorboduc

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

guildsnounUS /ɡɪldz/

plural of “guild” — a formal association of people with similar interests

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

hallsnounUS /hɔːlz/

plural of “hall” — an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

historicaladjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

improvisedadjectiveUS /ˈɪmprəvaɪzd/

done or made using whatever is available

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

knowledgenounUS /ˈnɑːlədʒ/

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Marlowe's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

noblemen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

pageantsnounUS /ˈpædʒənts/

plural of “pageant” — an elaborate representation of scenes from history etc; usually involves a parade with rich costumes

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

performancenounUS /pərˈfɔːrməns/

a dramatic or musical entertainment

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

platformnounUS /ˈplætfɔːrm/

a raised horizontal surface

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

playsnounUS /pleɪz/

plural of “play” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

popularadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːpjələr/

regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

positionnounUS /pəˈzɪʃən/

the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

processionnounUS /prəˈseʃən/

(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

productionnounUS /prəˈdʌkʃən/

the act or process of producing something

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

professionaladjectiveUS /prəˈfeʃənəl/

engaged in a profession or engaging in as a profession or means of livelihood

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

ReferencenounUS /ˈrefərəns/

a remark that calls attention to something or someone

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

resemblingverbUS /rɪˈzembəlɪŋ/

-ing form of “resemble” — appear like; be similar or bear a likeness to

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

scantyadjectiveUS /ˈskænti/

lacking in magnitude or quantity

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

schoolsnounUS /skuːlz/

plural of “school” — an educational institution

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

stationsnounUS /ˈsteɪʃənz/

(Roman Catholic Church) a devotion consisting of fourteen prayers said before a series of fourteen pictures or carvings representing successive incidents during Jesus' passage from Pilate's house to his crucifixion at Calvary

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

theatricaladjectiveUS /θiˈætrɪkəl/

of or relating to the theater

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

ThroughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Through these, the drama had already to a large extent passed from the control of the guilds to that of small companies of amateur or professional actors; from the open air into the halls of noblemen or of the schools; from the large stage with its fixed stations for the different actors or the procession of pageants, to the small and perhaps improvised platform.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

tracedverbUS /treɪst/

past form of “trace” — follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

tragediesnounUS /ˈtrædʒədiz/

plural of “tragedy” — an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading Our knowledge of the drama during this period is scanty, and there are few extant tragedies or plays resembling tragedy.

TRAGEDYnounUS /ˈtrædʒədi/

an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

transformationnounUS /ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən/

a qualitative change

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Before examining these plays with the detail which their historical position demands, it will be necessary first to glance at the theatrical conditions.

workingadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːrkɪŋ/

actively engaged in paid work

From this reading Reference has been made to some of the changes that had been working a transformation from the conditions of the popular performance of the religious drama in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading THE BEGINNINGS OF TRAGEDY In this chapter the development of tragedy is to be traced from 1562, the year of the production of "Gorboduc," to about 1587, the beginning of Marlowe's career.

Chapter 3 of Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike holds 237 sentences, grouped into 48 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Tragedy contain?

Chapter 3 holds 237 sentences of Tragedy, unabridged, divided into 48 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 237 sentences, grouped into 48 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Tragedy?

Work through the 48 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 48 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Tragedy

Common questions about reading Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Tragedy?

Yes. All 3395 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #38711 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Tragedy is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #38711, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Tragedy take to read?

About 282 minutes of reading across 679 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Tragedy section by section

How to work through Tragedy section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Tragedy to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Tragedy

Words and structures a reader meets early in Tragedy, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Attempts
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Trace
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Course
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.