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Tragedy
Tragedy

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Tragedy is here in full — 502 sentences across 101 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.
The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.
By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.
It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.
The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Tragedy

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Tragedy is here in full — 502 sentences across 101 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/100 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.
Line 2
The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.
/ðə bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ ʌv ðə ˈɡreɪtnəs ʌv ðə ˈnæʃənəl ˈdrɑːmə ɪz sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli koʊˈɪnsədənt wɪð ðə ˈvɪktəri ˈoʊvər ðə ɑːrˈmɑːdə/
Line 3
By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.
Line 4
It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.
/ɪt ˈænəmeɪtɪd ˈmɑːrloʊ noʊ les ðæn dreɪk ənd ðə ˈɔːθər ʌv ðə liːst səkˈsesfəl ˈkrɑː.nɪ.kəl pleɪ æz wel æz ˈædmərəl ɔːr ˈkaʊnsələr/
Line 5
The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.
/ðə ˌekstrəˈɔːrdəneri əˈtʃiːvmənts ðæt hæd bɪn kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪŋ tuː ðə maɪt ʌv ˈɪŋɡlənd æz ə pəˈlɪtəkəl ˈpaʊər wɜːr ˌɪnˈdiːd bʌt wʌn ɪkˈspreʃən ʌv ðə ˈfriːdəm ənd ˈiːɡərnəs ʌv ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv ðæt ˈkerəktəraɪzd ðɪs ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˌrenəˈsɑːns ənd faʊnd ˈʌðər ɪkˈspreʃən ɪn ðə ækˈtɪvətiz ənd əˈkɑːmplɪʃmənts ʌv ˈlɪtərətʃər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Armada noun US /ɑːrˈmɑːdə/

a large fleet

From this reading “The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.”

coincident adjective US /koʊˈɪnsədənt/

occurring or operating at the same time

From this reading “The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.”

contributing adjective US /kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪŋ/

tending to bring about; being partly responsible for

From this reading “The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.”

counselor noun US /ˈkaʊnsələr/

someone who gives advice about problems

From this reading “It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.”

culmination noun US /ˌkʌlməˈneɪʃən/

a final climactic stage

From this reading “MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.”

incentives noun US /ˌɪnˈsentɪvz/

plural of “incentive” — a positive motivational influence

From this reading “MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.”

responsiveness noun US /rɪˈspɑːnsɪvnəs/

responsive to stimulation

From this reading “MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.”

specifically adverb US /spəˈsɪfɪkli/

in distinction from others

From this reading “MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

political power adjective + noun

In this reading “The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.”

All words in this reading · 101

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

accomplishmentsnounUS /əˈkɑːmplɪʃmənts/

plural of “accomplishment” — the action of accomplishing something

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

achievementsnounUS /əˈtʃiːvmənts/

plural of “achievement” — the action of accomplishing something

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

activitiesnounUS /ækˈtɪvətiz/

plural of “activity” — any specific behavior

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

admiralnounUS /ˈædmərəl/

the supreme commander of a fleet; ranks above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

ambitionnounUS /æmˈbɪʃən/

a cherished desire

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

animatedadjectiveUS /ˈænəmeɪtɪd/

having life or vigor or spirit

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

ArmadanounUS /ɑːrˈmɑːdə/

a large fleet

From this reading The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.

artisticadjectiveUS /ɑːrˈtɪstɪk/

relating to or characteristic of art or artists

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

authornounUS /ˈɔːθər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

awakenedadjectiveUS /əˈweɪkənd/

aroused or activated

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.

breastnounUS /brest/

the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

characterizedverbUS /ˈkerəktəraɪzd/

past form of “characterize” — describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

chroniclenounUS /ˈkrɑː.nɪ.kəl/

A detailed written record of historical events in order. (Sử ký, biên niên sử lịch sử.)

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

coincidentadjectiveUS /koʊˈɪnsədənt/

occurring or operating at the same time

From this reading The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.

consciousnessnounUS /ˈkɑːnʃəsnəs/

an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

CONTEMPORARIESnounUS /kənˈtempəreriz/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

contributingadjectiveUS /kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪŋ/

tending to bring about; being partly responsible for

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

counselornounUS /ˈkaʊnsələr/

someone who gives advice about problems

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

culminationnounUS /ˌkʌlməˈneɪʃən/

a final climactic stage

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

defeatnounUS /dɪˈfiːt/

an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

DrakenounUS /dreɪk/

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

dramanounUS /ˈdrɑːmə/

a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

eagernessnounUS /ˈiːɡərnəs/

a positive feeling of wanting to push ahead with something

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

effortsnounUS /ˈefərts/

plural of “effort” — earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

endeavornounUS /ɪnˈdevər/

a purposeful or industrious undertaking (especially one that requires effort or boldness)

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

expressionnounUS /ɪkˈspreʃən/

the feelings expressed on a person's face

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

extraordinaryadjectiveUS /ˌekstrəˈɔːrdəneri/

beyond what is ordinary or usual; highly unusual or exceptional or remarkable

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

feltverbUS /felt/

mat together and make felt-like

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

fieldsnounUS /fiːldz/

United States comedian and film actor (1880-1946)

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

gloriesnounUS /ˈɡlɔːriz/

plural of “glory” — a state of high honor

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

greatnessnounUS /ˈɡreɪtnəs/

the property possessed by something or someone of outstanding importance or eminence

From this reading The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.

growingnounUS /ˈɡroʊɪŋ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

HISdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

incentivesnounUS /ˌɪnˈsentɪvz/

plural of “incentive” — a positive motivational influence

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

individualadjectiveUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

initiativenounUS /ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv/

readiness to embark on bold new ventures

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

lodgmentnoun

bringing a charge or accusation against someone

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

MARLOWEnounUS /ˈmɑːrloʊ/

English poet and playwright who introduced blank verse as a form of dramatic expression; was stabbed to death in a tavern brawl (1564-1593)

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

nationaladjectiveUS /ˈnæʃənəl/

of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.

playverbUS /pleɪ/

participate in games or sport

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

potentlyadverb

in a manner having a powerful influence

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

reachedverbUS /riːtʃt/

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

RenaissancenounUS /ˌrenəˈsɑːns/

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

responsivenessnounUS /rɪˈspɑːnsɪvnəs/

responsive to stimulation

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

significantlyadverbUS /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli/

in a statistically significant way

From this reading The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.

SpainnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

specificallyadverbUS /spəˈsɪfɪkli/

in distinction from others

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

successfuladjectiveUS /səkˈsesfəl/

having succeeded or being marked by a favorable outcome

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

triumphantadjectiveUS /traɪˈʌmfənt/

joyful and proud especially because of triumph or success

From this reading MARLOWE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES The growing national consciousness that reached its triumphant culmination in the defeat of Spain made itself felt in the drama, specifically in efforts to present the glories of English history, and still more potently in an awakened responsiveness to the new fields and new incentives for artistic ambition.

victorynounUS /ˈvɪktəri/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading It animated Marlowe no less than Drake, and the author of the least successful chronicle play as well as admiral or counselor.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The extraordinary achievements that had been contributing to the might of England as a political power were, indeed, but one expression of the freedom and eagerness of individual initiative that characterized this English Renaissance and found other expression in the activities and accomplishments of literature.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The beginning of the greatness of the national drama is significantly coincident with the victory over the Armada.

worthyadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːr.ði/

Having or showing the qualities or abilities that merit recognition in character or magic.

From this reading By that time the spirit of noble endeavor had found lodgment in every worthy breast.

Chapter 4 of Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike holds 502 sentences, grouped into 101 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Tragedy contain?

Chapter 4 holds 502 sentences of Tragedy, unabridged, divided into 101 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 502 sentences, grouped into 101 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Tragedy?

Work through the 101 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 101 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Tragedy

Common questions about reading Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Tragedy?

Yes. All 3395 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #38711 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Tragedy is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #38711, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Tragedy take to read?

About 282 minutes of reading across 679 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Tragedy section by section

How to work through Tragedy section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Tragedy to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Tragedy

Words and structures a reader meets early in Tragedy, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Attempts
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Trace
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Course
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.