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Tragedy
Tragedy

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Tragedy is here in full — 155 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/31 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.
At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.
It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.
For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.
It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Tragedy

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Tragedy is here in full — 155 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/31 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.
/ˈʃeɪkspiːr ˈaʊər ˈstʌdi hæz pərˈhæps ɔːlˈredi meɪd ɪt ˈevədənt ðæt ˈʃeɪkspiːrz ˈtrædʒədiz wɜːr ɪn ˈmeni weɪz ðə ˈprɑːdəkt ʌv ə ˈræpəd ənd ˈkɑːmpleks ˌevəˈluːʃən/
Line 2
At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.
/æt ðə seɪm taɪm ɪt ɪz klɪr ðæt ənˈtɪl ˈʃeɪkspiːr ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən ˈtrædʒədi wɪð ɔːl ɪts ˈdʒiːnjəs ənd ˌɪnəˈveɪʃənz hæd feɪld tuː əˈteɪn faɪˈnæləti ʌv ɑːrt ɔːr tuː mɑːrk aʊt ˈeni ʃʊr ˈpæθweɪ ˈðɪθɜːr/
Line 3
It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.
/ɪt wɑːz stɪl ɪn ɪts ˈfɔːrmətɪv ˈpɪriəd wen hiː kriˈeɪtəd aʊt ʌv ɪt ˈsʌmθɪŋ nuː ənd ɪˈmɔːr.t̬əl ənd ɪts dɪˈveləpmənt kənˈtɪnjuːd ˈæftər hɪz deθ ˈmeɪnli ɪn rɪˈspɑːns tuː ˈfɔːrsɪz nɑːt ʌv hɪz ˌɪˈnɪʃieɪtɪŋ/
Line 4
For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.
/fɔːr ðə pæst tuː ˈsentʃəriz tuː ə ˈkɑːnstəntli ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ ˈbɑːdi ʌv ˈspekteɪtərz ənd ˈriːdərz hɪz ˈtrædʒədiz hæv hæd ə laɪf ɪnˈtaɪərli ˌʌnkəˈnektɪd wɪð ðə wɜːrks ʌv hɪz kənˈtempəreriz æn eɡˈzɪstəns ðæt hæz ˈdɑːməneɪtəd ˈaʊər ˈθiːətərz ənd ˈaʊər kənˈsepʃənz ʌv ˈtrædʒədi ənd bɪˈkʌm ə pɑːrt ʌv ðə ˈdeɪli ˈlɪvɪŋ ənd ðə ˈpɜːrmənənt aɪˈdiːlz ʌv ðə reɪs/
Line 5
It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.
/ɪt ɪz ˈðerfɔːr ˈnesəseri tuː ˈsepəreɪt hɪz pleɪz frʌm ðə mæs ʌv ˈtrædʒədiz ənd tuː ˌriːˈvjuː ðem fɔːr ə ˈmoʊmənt æz ðə kriˈeɪʃənz ʌv ə ˈdʒiːnjəs ðæt wɑːz ðə tʃiːf kriˈeɪtər æz wel æz ðə ˈɡlɔːri ʌv ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈtrædʒədi/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

conceptions noun US /kənˈsepʃənz/

plural of “conception” — an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances

From this reading “For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.”

creations noun US /kriˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “creation” — the human act of creating

From this reading “It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.”

Elizabethan noun US /ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən/

a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I

From this reading “At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.”

finality noun US /faɪˈnæləti/

the quality of being final or definitely settled

From this reading “At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.”

formative noun US /ˈfɔːrmətɪv/

minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function

From this reading “It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.”

initiating verb US /ˌɪˈnɪʃieɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “initiate” — bring into being

From this reading “It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.”

innovations noun US /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃənz/

plural of “innovation” — a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation

From this reading “At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.”

unconnected adjective US /ˌʌnkəˈnektɪd/

not joined or linked together

From this reading “For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

constantly increasing adverb + adjective

In this reading “For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.”

many ways adjective + noun

In this reading “SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.”

same time adjective + noun

In this reading “At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.”

for a moment preposition + article + noun counted as “for … moment”

temporarily

In this reading “It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.”

two centuries noun + noun counted as “two century”

In this reading “For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.”

in response preposition + noun

In this reading “It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.”

already made adverb + adjective

In this reading “SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.”

past two noun + noun

In this reading “For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.”

All words in this reading · 113

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

attainverbUS /əˈteɪn/

to gain with effort

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

clearverbUS /klɪr/

rid of obstructions

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

complexnounUS /ˈkɑːmpleks/

a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

conceptionsnounUS /kənˈsepʃənz/

plural of “conception” — an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

constantlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnstəntli/

without variation or change, in every case

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

contemporariesnounUS /kənˈtempəreriz/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

continuedadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/

without stop or interruption

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

createdverbUS /kriˈeɪtəd/

past form of “create” — make or cause to be or to become

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

creationsnounUS /kriˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “creation” — the human act of creating

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

creatornounUS /kriˈeɪtər/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

dailyadverbUS /ˈdeɪli/

every day; without missing a day

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

dominatedadjectiveUS /ˈdɑːməneɪtəd/

controlled or ruled by superior authority or power

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

ElizabethannounUS /ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən/

a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

entirelyadverbUS /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

evidentadjectiveUS /ˈevədənt/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

evolutionnounUS /ˌevəˈluːʃən/

a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

existencenounUS /eɡˈzɪstəns/

the state or fact of existing

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

failedverbUS /feɪld/

past form of “fail” — fail to do something; leave something undone

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

finalitynounUS /faɪˈnæləti/

the quality of being final or definitely settled

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

forcesnounUS /ˈfɔːrsɪz/

plural of “force” — a powerful effect or influence

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

formativenounUS /ˈfɔːrmətɪv/

minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

geniusnounUS /ˈdʒiːnjəs/

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

glorynounUS /ˈɡlɔːri/

a state of high honor

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

idealsnounUS /aɪˈdiːlz/

plural of “ideal” — the idea of something that is perfect; something that one hopes to attain

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

immortaladjUS /ɪˈmɔːr.t̬əl/

Living forever; never dying or decaying. (Bất tử, trường tồn vĩnh cửu.)

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

increasingadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ/

becoming greater or larger

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

initiatingverbUS /ˌɪˈnɪʃieɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “initiate” — bring into being

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

innovationsnounUS /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃənz/

plural of “innovation” — a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

mainlyadverbUS /ˈmeɪnli/

for the most part

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

markverbUS /mɑːrk/

attach a tag or label to

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

massnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

momentnounUS /ˈmoʊmənt/

a particular point in time

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

pathwaynounUS /ˈpæθweɪ/

a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

permanentadjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrmənənt/

continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

playsnounUS /pleɪz/

plural of “play” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

productnounUS /ˈprɑːdəkt/

commodities offered for sale

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

racenounUS /reɪs/

any competition

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

rapidadjectiveUS /ˈræpəd/

done or occurring in a brief period of time

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

readersnounUS /ˈriːdərz/

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

responsenounUS /rɪˈspɑːns/

a result

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

reviewnounUS /ˌriːˈvjuː/

a new appraisal or evaluation

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

separateverbUS /ˈsepəreɪt/

act as a barrier between; stand between

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

SHAKESPEAREnounUS /ˈʃeɪkspiːr/

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

Shakespeare'snounUS /ˈʃeɪkspiːrz/

possessive form of “shakespeare” — English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

spectatorsnounUS /ˈspekteɪtərz/

plural of “spectator” — a close observer; someone who looks at something (such as an exhibition of some kind)

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

sureadjectiveUS /ʃʊr/

having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

theatresnounUS /ˈθiːətərz/

plural of “theatre” — a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

thitheradverbUS /ˈðɪθɜːr/

an old word meaning “to that place”

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

tragediesnounUS /ˈtrædʒədiz/

plural of “tragedy” — an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

tragedynounUS /ˈtrædʒədi/

an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

unconnectedadjectiveUS /ˌʌnkəˈnektɪd/

not joined or linked together

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading It is therefore necessary to separate his plays from the mass of tragedies, and to review them for a moment as the creations of a genius that was the chief creator as well as the glory of English tragedy.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading SHAKESPEARE Our study has perhaps already made it evident that Shakespeare's tragedies were in many ways the product of a rapid and complex evolution.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading It was still in its formative period when he created out of it something new and immortal, and its development continued after his death mainly in response to forces not of his initiating.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading At the same time it is clear that, until Shakespeare, Elizabethan tragedy with all its genius and innovations had failed to attain finality of art, or to mark out any sure pathway thither.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading For the past two centuries, to a constantly increasing body of spectators and readers, his tragedies have had a life entirely unconnected with the works of his contemporaries, an existence that has dominated our theatres and our conceptions of tragedy, and become a part of the daily living and the permanent ideals of the race.

Chapter 6 of Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike holds 155 sentences, grouped into 31 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of Tragedy contain?

Chapter 6 holds 155 sentences of Tragedy, unabridged, divided into 31 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 155 sentences, grouped into 31 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of Tragedy?

Work through the 31 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 31 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 6 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Tragedy

Common questions about reading Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Tragedy?

Yes. All 3395 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #38711 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Tragedy is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #38711, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Tragedy take to read?

About 282 minutes of reading across 679 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Tragedy section by section

How to work through Tragedy section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Tragedy to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Tragedy

Words and structures a reader meets early in Tragedy, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Attempts
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Trace
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Course
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.