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Tragedy
Tragedy

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Tragedy is here in full — 376 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/75 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.
To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.
No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.
Since then the theatres have been always open, the dramatists always writing.
Changes have been gradual, the history continuous.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Tragedy

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Tragedy is here in full — 376 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/75 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.
/ðə ˌrestərˈeɪʃən ðə ˈdrɑːmə ʌv ðə ˌrestərˈeɪʃən wɑːz ˈsepəreɪtɪd frʌm ðə ˈɜːrliər ˈpɪriədz baɪ sɪkˈstiːn jɪrz ʌv kloʊzd ˈθiːətərz ənd ə ˈvɜːrtʃuːəl ˌseˈseɪʃən ʌv ɔːl drəˈmætɪk ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃən/
Line 2
To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.
Line 3
No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.
/noʊ sʌtʃ breɪk ɪn θiˈætrɪkəl kənˈdɪʃənz hæz əˈkɜːrd sɪns ðen ənd ˈnʌθɪŋ soʊ ˈnɪrli ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri ɪn ðə ˈhɪstəri ʌv ðə ˈdrɑːmə/
Line 4
Since then the theatres have been always open, the dramatists always writing.
Line 5
Changes have been gradual, the history continuous.
/ˈtʃeɪndʒəz hæv bɪn ˈɡrædʒuːəl ðə ˈhɪstəri kənˈtɪnjuːəs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cessation noun US /ˌseˈseɪʃən/

a stopping

From this reading “THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.”

fashions noun US /ˈfæʃənz/

plural of “fashion” — how something is done or how it happens

From this reading “To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.”

gradual adjective US /ˈɡrædʒuːəl/

proceeding in small stages

From this reading “Changes have been gradual, the history continuous.”

models noun US /ˈmɑːdəlz/

plural of “model” — a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process

From this reading “To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.”

revival noun US /rɪˈvaɪvəl/

bringing again into activity and prominence

From this reading “To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.”

revolutionary adjective US /ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri/

markedly new or introducing radical change

From this reading “No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.”

theatres noun US /ˈθiːətərz/

plural of “theatre” — a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading “THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.”

virtual adjective US /ˈvɜːrtʃuːəl/

being actually such in almost every respect

From this reading “THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

sixteen years adjective + noun

In this reading “THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.”

since then preposition + adverb

In this reading “No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading Since then the theatres have been always open, the dramatists always writing.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Since then the theatres have been always open, the dramatists always writing.

breakverbUS /breɪk/

terminate

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

cessationnounUS /ˌseˈseɪʃən/

a stopping

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

changedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪndʒd/

made or become different in nature or form

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

ChangesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading Changes have been gradual, the history continuous.

closedadjectiveUS /kloʊzd/

not open or affording passage or access

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

compositionnounUS /ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃən/

the spatial property resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to the whole

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

conditionsnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

continuousadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːəs/

continuing in time or space without interruption

From this reading Changes have been gradual, the history continuous.

dramanounUS /ˈdrɑːmə/

a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

dramaticadjectiveUS /drəˈmætɪk/

suitable to or characteristic of drama

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

dramatists

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since then the theatres have been always open, the dramatists always writing.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

fashionsnounUS /ˈfæʃənz/

plural of “fashion” — how something is done or how it happens

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

foreignadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrən/

of concern to or concerning the affairs of other nations (other than your own)

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

gradualadjectiveUS /ˈɡrædʒuːəl/

proceeding in small stages

From this reading Changes have been gradual, the history continuous.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Since then the theatres have been always open, the dramatists always writing.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

modelsnounUS /ˈmɑːdəlz/

plural of “model” — a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

NodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

occurredverbUS /əˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading Since then the theatres have been always open, the dramatists always writing.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

periodsnounUS /ˈpɪriədz/

plural of “period” — an amount of time

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

RESTORATIONnounUS /ˌrestərˈeɪʃən/

the reign of Charles II in England; 1660-1685

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

revivalnounUS /rɪˈvaɪvəl/

bringing again into activity and prominence

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

revolutionnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

revolutionaryadjectiveUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri/

markedly new or introducing radical change

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

separatedadjectiveUS /ˈsepəreɪtɪd/

being or feeling set or kept apart from others

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

sixteenadjectiveUS /sɪkˈstiːn/

being one more than fifteen

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

societynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

theatresnounUS /ˈθiːətərz/

plural of “theatre” — a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

theatricaladjectiveUS /θiˈætrɪkəl/

of or relating to the theater

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading No such break in theatrical conditions has occurred since then, and nothing so nearly revolutionary in the history of the drama.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To the drama, as to other forms of literature, the Restoration brought not only a revival but also a revolution--new fashions, new models, new foreign influence, a new age, and a changed society.

virtualadjectiveUS /ˈvɜːrtʃuːəl/

being actually such in almost every respect

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading Since then the theatres have been always open, the dramatists always writing.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading THE RESTORATION The drama of the Restoration was separated from the earlier periods by sixteen years of closed theatres and a virtual cessation of all dramatic composition.

Chapter 8 of Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike holds 376 sentences, grouped into 76 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Tragedy contain?

Chapter 8 holds 376 sentences of Tragedy, unabridged, divided into 76 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 376 sentences, grouped into 76 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Tragedy?

Work through the 76 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 76 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Tragedy

Common questions about reading Tragedy by Ashley Horace Thorndike on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Tragedy?

Yes. All 3395 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #38711 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Tragedy is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #38711, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Tragedy take to read?

About 282 minutes of reading across 679 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Tragedy section by section

How to work through Tragedy section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Tragedy to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Tragedy

Words and structures a reader meets early in Tragedy, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Attempts
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Trace
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Course
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Tragedy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.