Chapter XXI

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

a state in south central United States; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

cause to be bored

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

plural of “canadian” — a native or inhabitant of Canada

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

a period of 100 years

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

plural of “creole” — a person of European descent born in the West Indies or Latin America

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

all of the offspring of a given progenitor

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

one or the other of two

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

plural of “feature” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

of or relating to the science of geography

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

plural of “headwater” — the source of a river

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

of great significance or value

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

a republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

to a great degree or extent

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

to, toward, or in the northeast

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

to, toward, or in the northwest

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

in a northern direction

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

held or filled or in use

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

above and across; more than

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

plural of “plain” — extensive tract of level open land

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

plural of “prairie” — a treeless grassy plain

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

past form of “push” — move with force

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

inflected form of “run” — move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

the former capital and 2nd largest city of Brazil; chief Brazilian port; famous as a tourist attraction

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

abounding in rocks or stones

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

the legendary patron saint of children; an imaginary being who is thought to bring presents to children at Christmas

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

plural of “settlement” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

coming next after the sixteenth in position

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

the physical magnitude of something (how big it is)

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

plural of “spaniard” — a native or inhabitant of Spain

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

plural of “stream” — a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

a member of the Pueblo people living in northern New Mexico

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

-ing form of “terminate” — bring to an end or halt

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

in or at that place or location

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES I At the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth century a line of Spanish settlements ran from Mexico northward along the Rocky Mountains, terminating in the important town of Taos.

plural of “trapper” — someone who sets traps for animals (usually to obtain their furs)

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading Though Taos was an important place, it did not equal, either in size or wealth, the town of Santa Fé.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading To the north, north-east, and north-west of this town were other settlements, occupied by the Spaniards and their descendants, and the streams and geographical features of the country bore Spanish names--almost up to the headwaters of the Rio Grande del Norte.

toward the west

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The first settlements of what is now New Mexico were made about the end of the sixteenth century, and a colony was established on the Rio del Norte, in New Mexico.

which person or people

From this reading North of the Arkansas there was a change of tongue, and the names were English, or French, given much later by American trappers who had pushed westward, or by French Canadians and Creoles, who were early voyageurs over the plains.