Chapter VII

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the state of impairing the quality or reducing the value of something

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

of or relating to the nations of Africa or their peoples

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

changed in form or character without becoming something else

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

plural of “arab” — a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and surrounding territories who speaks Arabic and who inhabits much of the Middle East and northern Africa

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

at or toward the back of something

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

a member of an indigenous people of northern Africa

From this reading THE INDIGENOUS BERBER POPULATION.

be a signal for or a symptom of

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

an occurrence of something

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

serving as an essential component

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

a period of 100 years

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

the shore of a sea or ocean

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

housing that someone is living in

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

earlier in time; previously

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

past form of “enter” — to come or go into

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

divisible by two

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

unmistakably (“plain” is often used informally for “plainly”)

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

originating where it is found

From this reading THE INDIGENOUS BERBER POPULATION.

plural of “inhabitant” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

marriage to a person belonging to a tribe or group other than your own as required by custom or law

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

past form of “invade” — march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

go away from a place

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

past form of “mention” — make reference to

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

not any; not one

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the people who inhabit a territory or state

From this reading THE INDIGENOUS BERBER POPULATION.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

any competition

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

of or relating to the group of Semitic languages

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

not in physical motion

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

possessing sweep

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

-ing form of “terminate” — bring to an end or halt

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

plural of “testimony” — a solemn statement made under oath

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE INDIGENOUS BERBER POPULATION.

in or at that place or location

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

plural of “tribe” — a social division of (usually preliterate) people

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

clearly evident to the mind

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

precisely as stated

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading All the original population of North Africa appear to have been a race of the Semitic stock, who, by intermarriage with tribes which came from Egypt, or by way of it, had received a certain admixture.

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading But in the country of Ghát, which we have now entered, the case is very different; for here the former state of things has not been so entirely altered as not to leave some unmistakable testimonies behind it.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading But few names now remain which evidently bespeak a Central African origin, such as those terminating in _awa_, as Tasáwa or Tessáwa (a town already mentioned by Edrísi), Portukawa, and others.

which person or people

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.

in the company of; together with

From this reading There can be no doubt that even Fezzán, in ancient times, had a population entirely different from that dwelling near the coast; but the original black inhabitants of that country have been swept away, or mixed up entirely with the Arabs, who seem to have invaded this country not earlier than the fifteenth century of our era, for in Makrizi’s time Fezzán was still a Berber country.