Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

present in great quantity

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

plural of “ankle” — a gliding joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the proximal end of the talus

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

plural of “arrangement” — the thing arranged or agreed to

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

plural of “article” — nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

the season when the leaves fall from the trees

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

an alloy of copper and zinc

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

in a busy manner

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

the act of gathering something together

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

third-person singular of “consist” — originate

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

travel across or pass over

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

distinguished from Bovidae by the male's having solid deciduous antlers

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

coming down or downward

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

put on clothes

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

plural of “exertion” — use of physical or mental energy; hard work

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

the act of someone who fishes as a diversion

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

an encircling or ringlike structure

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

pursue for food or sport (as of wild animals)

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

plural of “indian” — a native or inhabitant of India

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

a midwestern state in central United States; a border state during the American Civil War, Missouri was admitted to the Confederacy without actually seceding from the Union

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

absolutely essential

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

quick to notice; showing quick and keen perception

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

held or filled or in use

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

plural of “opportunity” — a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

past form of “ornament” — make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

plural of “ornament” — something used to beautify

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

above and across; more than

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

causing physical or psychological pain

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

plural of “piece” — a separate part of a whole

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

plural of “plain” — extensive tract of level open land

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

-ing form of “preserve” — keep or maintain in unaltered condition; cause to remain or last

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

plural of “reach” — the limits within which something can be effective

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

any of various large food and game fishes of northern waters; usually migrate from salt to fresh water to spawn

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

plural of “shell” — ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an explosive charge and a projectile; fired from a large gun

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

a garment worn on the upper half of the body

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

the season of growth

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

minimal (or marginal) resources for subsisting

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

bound or secured closely

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

in the direction of

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

inflected form of “traffic” — deal illegally

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

plural of “traveller” — a person who changes location

From this reading In descending the _Kooskooskee_, the travellers had many opportunities of observing the arrangements of the Indians for preserving fish, particularly salmon, which are here very abundant.

precisely as stated

From this reading The Chopunnish Indians have very few ornaments; for their life is painful and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn their subsistence.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in fishing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of roots.

in the company of; together with

From this reading In the winter, with snow-shoes on their feet, they hunt deer over the plains; and, towards the spring, they cross the mountains to the Missouri, for the purpose of trafficking for buffalo-robes.

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading The dress of the women is more simple: it consists of a long shirt of argali-skin, which reaches down to the ankles, and is without a girdle: to this are tied shells, little pieces of brass, and other small articles; but their head is not at all ornamented.