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Uncle Robert's Geography
Uncle Robert's Geography

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Uncle Robert's Geography is here in full — 8 sentences across 2 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Uncle Robert's Geography
Context Illustration Reading 1/1 · 8 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 8
We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.
Children love to observe continual changes.
The shadow is an object of interest.
It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.
Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.
Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.
These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.
Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Uncle Robert's Geography

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Uncle Robert's Geography is here in full — 8 sentences across 2 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/1 · 8 reading units · Lines 1–8

Line 1
We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.
/wiː hæv hiːt əˈɡen ənd naʊ æz æn ˌeləˈmentri ˈlesən ɪn ðə ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən ʌv ˈsʌnʃaɪn/
Line 2
Children love to observe continual changes.
/ˈtʃɪldrən lʌv tuː əbˈzɜːrv kənˈtɪnjuːəl ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/
Line 3
The shadow is an object of interest.
/ðə ˈʃæd.oʊ ɪz æn ˈɑːbdʒekt ʌv ˈɪntrəst/
Line 4
It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.
/ɪt hæz æn ˈeləmənt ʌv ˈmɪstəri əˈbaʊt ɪt wɪtʃ ˈbɔːrdərz əˈpɑːn ðə ˌsuːpərˈnætʃərəl/
Line 5
Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.
/ˈtʃɪldrən əbˈzɜːrv spɑːnˈteɪniəsli ðə lɔːŋ ˈʃædoʊz ʌv ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ənd ðə ˈleŋθənɪŋ ˈʃædoʊz ʌv ðə dɪˈsendɪŋ sʌn/
Line 6
Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.
/moʊst fɑːrm bɔɪz kæn tel ðə ˈmoʊmənt ʌv nuːn baɪ ðer ˈʃædoʊz/
Line 7
These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.
/ðiːz ɑːr ɔːl steps ɪn ðə mɔːr ˈdɪfəkəlt ˈprɑːbləmz ʌv ˈleŋθənɪŋ ənd ˈʃɔːrtənɪŋ ˈʃædoʊz ðæt mɑːrk ðə ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ ˈsiːzənz ənd ðæt led tuː ðə ˈθɪriz ʌv ðə ɜːrθs roʊˈteɪʃən ənd ˌrevəˈluːʃən/
Line 8
Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.
/deɪ baɪ deɪ ˈtʃɪldrən ʃʊd noʊt ðə ˈtʃeɪndʒəz ʌv slænt əˈpɑːn ðə ˈʃæd.oʊ stɪk wɪtʃ ðeɪ kæn ˈiːzəli meɪk fɔːr ðemˈselvz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

distribution noun US /ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/

(statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence

From this reading “We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.”

earth's noun US /ɜːrθs/

possessive form of “earth” — the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading “These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.”

elementary adjective US /ˌeləˈmentri/

easy and not involved or complicated

From this reading “We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.”

lengthening noun US /ˈleŋθənɪŋ/

the act of prolonging something

From this reading “Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.”

rotation noun US /roʊˈteɪʃən/

the act of rotating as if on an axis

From this reading “These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.”

shortening noun US /ˈʃɔːrtənɪŋ/

fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods

From this reading “These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.”

slant verb US /slænt/

lie obliquely

From this reading “Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.”

spontaneously adverb US /spɑːnˈteɪniəsli/

in a spontaneous manner

From this reading “Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

bordersnounUS /ˈbɔːrdərz/

plural of “border” — a line that indicates a boundary

From this reading It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading Children love to observe continual changes.

changingadjectiveUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ/

marked by continuous change or effective action

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

ChildrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading Children love to observe continual changes.

continualadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːəl/

recurring regularly or frequently in a prolonged and closely spaced series

From this reading Children love to observe continual changes.

DaynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

descendingadjectiveUS /dɪˈsendɪŋ/

coming down or downward

From this reading Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

distributionnounUS /ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/

(statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

earth'snounUS /ɜːrθs/

possessive form of “earth” — the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

easilyadverbUS /ˈiːzəli/

with ease (“easy” is sometimes used informally for “easily”)

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

elementnounUS /ˈeləmənt/

an abstract part of something

From this reading It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.

elementaryadjectiveUS /ˌeləˈmentri/

easy and not involved or complicated

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

farmverbUS /fɑːrm/

be a farmer; work as a farmer

From this reading Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

heatnounUS /hiːt/

a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading The shadow is an object of interest.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The shadow is an object of interest.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.

leadverbUS /led/

take somebody somewhere

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

lengtheningnounUS /ˈleŋθənɪŋ/

the act of prolonging something

From this reading Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.

lessonnounUS /ˈlesən/

a unit of instruction

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading Children love to observe continual changes.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

markverbUS /mɑːrk/

attach a tag or label to

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

momentnounUS /ˈmoʊmənt/

a particular point in time

From this reading Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.

MostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.

mysterynounUS /ˈmɪstəri/

something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained

From this reading It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.

noonnounUS /nuːn/

the middle of the day

From this reading Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.

notenounUS /noʊt/

a brief written record

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading The shadow is an object of interest.

observeverbUS /əbˈzɜːrv/

discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

From this reading Children love to observe continual changes.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

problemsnounUS /ˈprɑːbləmz/

plural of “problem” — a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

revolutionnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

rotationnounUS /roʊˈteɪʃən/

the act of rotating as if on an axis

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

seasonsnounUS /ˈsiːzənz/

plural of “season” — a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

shadownounUS /ˈʃæd.oʊ/

A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

From this reading The shadow is an object of interest.

shadowsnounUS /ˈʃædoʊz/

plural of “shadow” — shade within clear boundaries

From this reading Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.

shorteningnounUS /ˈʃɔːrtənɪŋ/

fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

slantverbUS /slænt/

lie obliquely

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

spontaneouslyadverbUS /spɑːnˈteɪniəsli/

in a spontaneous manner

From this reading Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.

stepsnounUS /steps/

a flight of stairs or a flight of steps

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

stickverbUS /stɪk/

put, fix, force, or implant

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading Children observe spontaneously the long shadows of morning and the lengthening shadows of the descending sun.

sunshinenounUS /ˈsʌnʃaɪn/

the rays of the sun

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

supernaturalnounUS /ˌsuːpərˈnætʃərəl/

supernatural forces and events and beings collectively

From this reading It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Most farm boys can tell the moment of noon by their shadows.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

theoriesnounUS /ˈθɪriz/

plural of “theory” — a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These are all steps in the more difficult problems of lengthening and shortening shadows that mark the changing seasons, and that lead to the theories of the earth's rotation and revolution.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Day by day children should note the changes of slant upon the shadow stick which they can easily make for themselves.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Children love to observe continual changes.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We have heat again, and now as an elementary lesson in the distribution of sunshine.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It has an element of mystery about it which borders upon the supernatural.

Chapter 4 of Uncle Robert's Geography by Francis W. (Francis Wayland) Parker holds 8 sentences, grouped into 2 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Uncle Robert's Geography contain?

Chapter 4 holds 8 sentences of Uncle Robert's Geography, unabridged, divided into 2 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Uncle Robert's Geography by Francis W. (Francis Wayland) Parker exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 8 sentences, grouped into 2 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Uncle Robert's Geography?

Work through the 2 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 2 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Uncle Robert's Geography

Common questions about reading Uncle Robert's Geography by Francis W. (Francis Wayland) Parker on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Uncle Robert's Geography?

Yes. All 2660 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6441 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Uncle Robert's Geography is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6441, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Uncle Robert's Geography take to read?

About 221 minutes of reading across 532 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Uncle Robert's Geography section by section

How to work through Uncle Robert's Geography section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of Uncle Robert's Geography to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Uncle Robert's Geography

Words and structures a reader meets early in Uncle Robert's Geography, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Value
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Uncle Robert's Geography; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Children's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Uncle Robert's Geography; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Knowledge
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Uncle Robert's Geography; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Warmly
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Uncle Robert's Geography; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.