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Under the Flag of France
Under the Flag of France

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of Under the Flag of France is here in full — 106 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/21 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.
Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”
So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.
Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.
Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Under the Flag of France

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of Under the Flag of France is here in full — 106 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/21 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.
Line 2
Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”
/sɪks mʌnθs ənd ˈbetər hæv ðə roʊɡz leɪn bɪˈfɔːr ˈaʊər taʊn ənd nɑːt ɡɑːt ɪt jet/
Line 3
So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.
Line 4
Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.
Line 5
Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Brittany noun US /ˈbrɪtəni/

a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay

From this reading “Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.”

Charles's noun US /ˈtʃɑːrlzɪz/

possessive form of “charles” — King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

claimants noun US /ˈkleɪmənts/

plural of “claimant” — someone who claims a benefit or right or title

From this reading “Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.”

Duchy noun US /ˈdʌtʃi/

the domain controlled by a duke or duchess

From this reading “Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.”

Montfort noun US /ˈmɑːntfərt/

an English nobleman who led the baronial rebellion against Henry III (1208-1265)

From this reading “Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.”

shimmered verb US /ˈʃɪmərd/

past form of “shimmer” — shine with a weak or fitful light

From this reading “So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.”

sided verb US /ˈsaɪdɪd/

past form of “side” — take sides for or against

From this reading “Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.”

spangled adjective US /ˈspæŋɡəld/

covered with beads or jewels or sequins

From this reading “So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Six months noun + noun counted as “six month”

In this reading “Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.””

most important adverb + adjective

In this reading “Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.”

struggle between verb + particle

In this reading “Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.”

open field verb + noun

In this reading “A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.”

white tents noun + noun counted as “white tent”

In this reading “So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.”

got up verb + adjective counted as “get up”

rise to one's feet

In this reading “Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.”

on the walls preposition + article + noun counted as “on … wall”

In this reading “So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.”

stood on verb + particle

In this reading “So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.”

All words in this reading · 117

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1353

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

AlarmnounUS /əˈlɑːrm/

fear resulting from the awareness of danger

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

AmidprepositionUS /əˈmɪd/

in the middle of; surrounded by

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

Bertrand

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

blacknessnounUS /ˈblæknəs/

the quality or state of the achromatic color of least lightness (bearing the least resemblance to white)

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

Blois

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

BretonnounUS /ˈbretən/

a native or inhabitant of Brittany (especially one who speaks the Breton language)

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

BrittanynounUS /ˈbrɪtəni/

a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

CharlesnounUS /tʃɑːrlz/

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

Charles'snounUS /ˈtʃɑːrlzɪz/

possessive form of “charles” — King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

claimantsnounUS /ˈkleɪmənts/

plural of “claimant” — someone who claims a benefit or right or title

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

comesnounUS /kʌmz/

plural of “come” — the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

comradenounUS /ˈkɑːmræd/

a friend who is frequently in the company of another

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

countlessadjectiveUS /ˈkaʊntləs/

too numerous to be counted

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

deepeningnounUS /ˈdiːpənɪŋ/

a process of becoming deeper and more profound

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

defendingadjectiveUS /dɪˈfendɪŋ/

attempting to or designed to prevent an opponent from winning or scoring

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

doingverbUS /ˈduːɪŋ/

-ing form of “do” — engage in

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

du

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

DuchynounUS /ˈdʌtʃi/

the domain controlled by a duke or duchess

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

EarlnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

eveningnounUS /ˈiːvnɪŋ/

the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

friendnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

Gaspard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

ghost-like

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

gloomnounUS /ɡluːm/

a state of partial or total darkness

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

gloomyadjectiveUS /ˈɡluːmi/

depressingly dark

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

glow-worms

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

gotverbUS /ɡɑːt/

inflected form of “get” — come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

Guesclin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

hugeadjectiveUS /hjuːdʒ/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

includingverbUS /ˌɪnˈkluːdɪŋ/

-ing form of “include” — have as a part, be made up out of

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

knightsnounUS /naɪts/

plural of “knight” — originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

lainverbUS /leɪn/

inflected form of “lie” — be located or situated somewhere; occupy a certain position

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

leadingadjectiveUS /ˈliːdɪŋ/

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

lightsnounUS /laɪts/

plural of “light” — (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

lookingnounUS /ˈlʊkɪŋ/

the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

MontfortnounUS /ˈmɑːntfərt/

an English nobleman who led the baronial rebellion against Henry III (1208-1265)

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

monthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

MostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

NightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

NovembernounUS /noʊˈvembər/

the month following October and preceding December

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

privateadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪvət/

confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

Rennes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

rivalverbUS /ˈraɪvəl/

be equal to in quality or ability

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

roguesnounUS /roʊɡz/

plural of “rogue” — a deceitful and unreliable scoundrel

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

shimmeredverbUS /ˈʃɪmərd/

past form of “shimmer” — shine with a weak or fitful light

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

sidedverbUS /ˈsaɪdɪd/

past form of “side” — take sides for or against

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

SixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

soldiernounUS /ˈsoʊldʒər/

an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

spangledadjectiveUS /ˈspæŋɡəld/

covered with beads or jewels or sequins

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

spokenounUS /spoʊk/

support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

supportedadjectiveUS /səˈpɔːrtɪd/

sustained or maintained by aid (as distinct from physical support)

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

tentsnounUS /tents/

plural of “tent” — a portable shelter (usually of canvas stretched over supporting poles and fastened to the ground with ropes and pegs)

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

townsnounUS /taʊnz/

plural of “town” — an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

vainadjectiveUS /veɪn/

characteristic of false pride; having an exaggerated sense of self-importance

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

wallsnounUS /wɔːlz/

plural of “wall” — an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Amid the great struggle between France and England, the rival claimants of the Duchy of Brittany, Charles of Blois and Earl de Montfort, had got up a little private war of their own.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

WelladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading So spoke a Breton soldier to his comrade, as they stood on the walls of Rennes on a gloomy November evening in 1353, looking down on the countless white tents that shimmered ghost-like through the deepening gloom, and the lights that spangled the blackness like huge glow-worms.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Most of the leading Breton knights (including Bertrand du Guesclin) supported Charles’s cause, while England sided with the Earl; and Rennes being the most important town that held out for Charles, the English were doing their best to take it, though as yet in vain.

wolvesnounUS /wʊlvz/

plural of “wolf” — any of various predatory carnivorous canine mammals of North America and Eurasia that usually hunt in packs

From this reading A Night Alarm “Well, friend Gaspard, if these English wolves have the better of us in the open field, we are as good as they when it comes to defending towns.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Six months, and better, have the rogues lain before our town, and not got it yet.”

Chapter 15 of Under the Flag of France by David Ker holds 106 sentences, grouped into 22 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of Under the Flag of France contain?

Chapter 15 holds 106 sentences of Under the Flag of France, unabridged, divided into 22 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of Under the Flag of France by David Ker exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 106 sentences, grouped into 22 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of Under the Flag of France?

Work through the 22 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 22 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 15 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Under the Flag of France

Common questions about reading Under the Flag of France by David Ker on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Under the Flag of France?

Yes. All 2991 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46855 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Under the Flag of France is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #46855, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Under the Flag of France take to read?

About 249 minutes of reading across 599 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Under the Flag of France

Words and structures a reader meets early in Under the Flag of France, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Italics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Under the Flag of France; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Original
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Under the Flag of France; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Corresponding
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Under the Flag of France; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Surrounded
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Under the Flag of France; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.