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Under Western Eyes
Under Western Eyes

Chapter XXXI

Cover illustration for Under Western Eyes
Context Illustration Reading 1/41 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.
It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.
It was a sort of superstitious dread.
Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.
Was this advantage his already?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Under Western Eyes

Chapter XXXI

Reading 1/41 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.
Line 2
It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.
Line 3
It was a sort of superstitious dread.
Line 4
Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.
Line 5
Was this advantage his already?

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Already noun US /already/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Was this advantage his already?”

Amongst preposition US /əˈmʌŋst/

surrounded by; in the company of

From this reading “Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.”

Being auxiliary verb US /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading “It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.”

Could modal verb US /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading “It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.”

Disgust noun US /dɪsˈɡʌst/

a strong feeling of dislike or sickness caused by something unpleasant

From this reading “It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.”

Folly noun US /ˈfɑːli/

an action or decision that shows a lack of good judgment

From this reading “Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.”

Need noun US /need/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.”

Since preposition US /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading “Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.”

These determiner US /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading “It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.”

All words in this reading · 79

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It was a sort of superstitious dread.

advantage

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Was this advantage his already?

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

alreadynounUS /already/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Was this advantage his already?

amongstprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋst/

surrounded by; in the company of

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

any

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

common

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

cost

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

crimes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

dealt

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

defend

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

direct

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

disdain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

disgustnounUS /dɪsˈɡʌst/

a strong feeling of dislike or sickness caused by something unpleasant

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

dread

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was a sort of superstitious dread.

envenomed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

fate

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

fear

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

fed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

felt

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

follynounUS /ˈfɑːli/

an action or decision that shows a lack of good judgment

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

freedom

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

guarded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

hate

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

impenetrable

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

inwardly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

like

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

listening

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

lying

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

made

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

more

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

moving

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

neednounUS /need/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

Now

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

own

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

people

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

perfect

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

position

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

power

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

Razumov

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

recklessness

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

safety

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

secure

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

shuddered

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

silent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

sort

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was a sort of superstitious dread.

superstitious

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was a sort of superstitious dread.

temper

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading For all the envenomed recklessness of his temper, fed on hate and disdain, Razumov shuddered inwardly.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Was this advantage his already?

unquestioning

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

very

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was a sort of superstitious dread.

way

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It guarded him from common fear, but it could not defend him from disgust at being dealt with in any way by these people.

Ziemianitch

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, since his position had been made more secure by their own folly at the cost of Ziemianitch, he felt the need of perfect safety, with its freedom from direct lying, with its power of moving amongst them silent, unquestioning, listening, impenetrable, like the very fate of their crimes and their folly.