Chapter XVIII

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

any specific behavior

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

in the past

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

to gain with effort

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

inflected form of “bear” — have

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

the chest considered as the place where secret thoughts are kept

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

a period of 100 years

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

gathered together or made less diffuse

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

a Spanish gentleman or nobleman

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

past form of “found” — set up or found

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

Mexican novelist (born in 1928)

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

only a very short time before

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

the quality of being important and worthy of note

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

apprehended with certainty

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

a deposit of valuable ore occurring within definite boundaries separating it from surrounding rocks

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

occurring by chance

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

a republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

laborer who works in a mine

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

plural of “mine” — excavation in the earth from which ores and minerals are extracted

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

past form of “result” — issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

possessing material wealth

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

superlative of “rich” — possessing material wealth

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

the cardinal number that is the sum of seventy and eight

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

plural of “side” — a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal; occurs in argentite and in free form; used in coins and jewelry and tableware and photography

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

from a time in the past until now

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

an elevated geological formation

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

abounding in rocks or stones

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

happening without warning or in a short space of time

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

in spite of the fact that

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

up to a particular time

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

a heading that names a statute or legislative bill; may give a brief summary of the matters it deals with

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

precisely as stated

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading The Hand upon the Wall.--Desiderio Fuentes, the lucky Miner.--Don Tomas Verduzco.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Hardly a century ago, Guanajuato was a town of very little importance.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

during the time that

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading It was not known that the mountains inclosing it on all sides, and on the slope of which it was built, held within their stony bosom the _Veta Madre_ (Mother Vein), the richest lode of silver in the world.

a late time of life

From this reading The title of _ciudad_ (city) had been borne by Zacatecas since 1588, while Guanajuato, though founded in 1554, did not attain that rank till seventy-eight years later, in 1741.

be the cause or source of

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Before the sudden change in its fortune, which resulted from the rich yield of silver in the Valenciana and Rayas mines, the mining industry of Mexico had concentrated its activity in the works of Tasco, Pachuca, and Zacatecas.