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Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs
Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is here in full — 100 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs
Context Illustration Reading 1/20 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
WITH PRIMITIUS, THE PRESBYTER.
The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.
It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.
The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.
The vaulted ceiling was similarly divided.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is here in full — 100 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/20 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
WITH PRIMITIUS, THE PRESBYTER.
Line 2
The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.
Line 3
It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.
/ɪt kənˈteɪnd noʊ ɡreɪvz seɪv æn ɑːrtʃt tuːm wɪtʃ hæd ˈnevər bɪn juːzd æt wʌn saɪd wɑːz ə ʃelf fɔːr læmps/
Line 4
The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.
/ðə hoʊl ˈsɜːrfəs ʌv ðə wɔːl wɑːz ˈkʌvərd wɪð hɑːrd waɪt ˈstʌkoʊ wɪtʃ wɑːz dɪˈvaɪdɪd ˈɪntuː ˈpænəlz baɪ bændz ənd ˈbɔːrdərz ʌv ˈbrɪljənt red ənd bluː æz ʃoʊn ɪn ðə kʌt ɑːn nekst peɪdʒ/
Line 5
The vaulted ceiling was similarly divided.
/ðə ˈvɔːltɪd ˈsiːlɪŋ wɑːz ˈsɪmələrli dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

arched adjective US /ɑːrtʃt/

constructed with or in the form of an arch or arches

From this reading “It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.”

borders noun US /ˈbɔːrdərz/

plural of “border” — a line that indicates a boundary

From this reading “The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.”

elegantly adverb US /ˈelɪɡəntliː/

with elegance; in a tastefully elegant manner

From this reading “The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.”

panels noun US /ˈpænəlz/

plural of “panel” — sheet that forms a distinct (usually flat and rectangular) section or component of something

From this reading “The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.”

similarly adverb US /ˈsɪmələrli/

in like or similar manner

From this reading “The vaulted ceiling was similarly divided.”

stucco noun US /ˈstʌkoʊ/

a plaster now made mostly from Portland cement and sand and lime; applied while soft to cover exterior walls or surfaces

From this reading “The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.”

vaulted adjective US /ˈvɔːltɪd/

having a hemispherical vault or dome

From this reading “The vaulted ceiling was similarly divided.”

venerable adjective US /ˈvenərəbəl/

impressive by reason of age

From this reading “The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

vaulted ceiling adjective + noun

In this reading “The vaulted ceiling was similarly divided.”

young man's adjective + noun counted as “young man”

a teenager or a young adult male

In this reading “The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.”

brilliant red adjective + noun

In this reading “The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.”

whole surface adjective + noun

In this reading “The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.”

much more adverb + adjective

In this reading “The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

apartmentnounUS /əˈpɑːrtmənt/

a suite of rooms usually on one floor of an apartment house

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

archedadjectiveUS /ɑːrtʃt/

constructed with or in the form of an arch or arches

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

bandsnounUS /bændz/

plural of “band” — an unofficial association of people or groups

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

blueadjectiveUS /bluː/

of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

bordersnounUS /ˈbɔːrdərz/

plural of “border” — a line that indicates a boundary

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

brilliantadjectiveUS /ˈbrɪljənt/

of surpassing excellence

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

ceilingnounUS /ˈsiːlɪŋ/

the overhead upper surface of a covered space

From this reading The vaulted ceiling was similarly divided.

conductedverbUS /kənˈdʌktəd/

past form of “conduct” — direct the course of; manage or control

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

containedadjectiveUS /kənˈteɪnd/

gotten under control

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

cutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

dividedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

separated into parts or pieces

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

elegantlyadverbUS /ˈelɪɡəntliː/

with elegance; in a tastefully elegant manner

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

familiarlyadverb

in an intimately familiar manner

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

finishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɪnɪʃt/

(of materials or goods) brought to the desired final state

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

gravesnounUS /ɡreɪvz/

English writer known for his interest in mythology and in the classics (1895-1985)

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

lampsnounUS /læmps/

plural of “lamp” — an artificial source of visible illumination

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

man'snounUS /mænz/

possessive form of “man” — an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

pagenounUS /peɪdʒ/

one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

panelsnounUS /ˈpænəlz/

plural of “panel” — sheet that forms a distinct (usually flat and rectangular) section or component of something

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

PRESBYTERnoun

an elder in the Presbyterian Church

From this reading WITH PRIMITIUS, THE PRESBYTER.

PRIMITIUS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading WITH PRIMITIUS, THE PRESBYTER.

rednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

saveprepositionUS /seɪv/

except for; apart from

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

shelfnounUS /ʃelf/

A flat horizontal plane used to hold books or scrolls in a library.

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

shoulderverbUS /ˈʃoʊldər/

lift onto one's shoulders

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

shownverbUS /ʃoʊn/

inflected form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

similarlyadverbUS /ˈsɪmələrli/

in like or similar manner

From this reading The vaulted ceiling was similarly divided.

smalleradjectiveUS /ˈsmɔːlər/

small or little relative to something else

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

stucconounUS /ˈstʌkoʊ/

a plaster now made mostly from Portland cement and sand and lime; applied while soft to cover exterior walls or surfaces

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading WITH PRIMITIUS, THE PRESBYTER.

tombnounUS /tuːm/

a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone)

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

vaultedadjectiveUS /ˈvɔːltɪd/

having a hemispherical vault or dome

From this reading The vaulted ceiling was similarly divided.

venerableadjectiveUS /ˈvenərəbəl/

impressive by reason of age

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

wallnounUS /wɔːl/

an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It contained no graves, save an arched tomb which had never been used; at one side was a shelf for lamps.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The whole surface of the wall was covered with hard white stucco, which was divided into panels by bands and borders of brilliant red and blue, as shown in the cut on next page.

WITHprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading WITH PRIMITIUS, THE PRESBYTER.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading The venerable presbyter laid his hand familiarly on the young man's shoulder and conducted him into a smaller, but much more elegantly finished, apartment.

Chapter 8 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow holds 100 sentences, grouped into 20 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs contain?

Chapter 8 holds 100 sentences of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs, unabridged, divided into 20 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 100 sentences, grouped into 20 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs?

Work through the 20 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 20 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Common questions about reading Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs?

Yes. All 2196 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #33484 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #33484, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs take to read?

About 183 minutes of reading across 440 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs section by section

How to work through Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Words and structures a reader meets early in Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Martyr
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Catacombs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Early
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Christian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.