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Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs
Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is here in full — 59 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs
Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE GAMING TABLE.
Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.
Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.
Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."
Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is here in full — 59 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE GAMING TABLE.
/ðə ˈɡeɪmɪŋ ˈteɪbəl/
Line 2
Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.
/ˈɡeɪmɪŋ wɑːz ə pərˈfekt ˈpæʃən əˈmʌŋ ðə ˈroʊmənz ənd ˌɪnˈdiːd əˈmʌŋ moʊst ˈeɪn.ʃənt ˈneɪʃənz/
Line 3
Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.
Line 4
Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."
Line 5
Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

beguile verb US /bɪˈɡaɪl/

influence by slyness

From this reading “Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.”

cubes noun US /kjuːbz/

plural of “cube” — a hexahedron with six equal squares as faces

From this reading “Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."”

ennui noun US /eˈnuːi/

the feeling of being bored by something tedious

gaming noun US /ˈɡeɪmɪŋ/

the act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning (including the payment of a price for a chance to win a prize)

From this reading “THE GAMING TABLE.”

Jacks noun US /dʒæks/

a game in which jackstones are thrown and picked up in various groups between bounces of a small rubber ball

From this reading “Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."”

Luxor noun US /ˈlʌksər/

a city in central Egypt on the east bank of the Nile that is a center for visitors to the ruins of and around Thebes

From this reading “Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.”

Sophocles noun US /ˈsɑːfəkliz/

one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (496-406 BC)

From this reading “Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."”

Thebes noun US /θiːbz/

an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC; today the archeological remains include many splendid temples and tombs

From this reading “Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

enforced idleness adjective + noun

In this reading “Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.”

GAMING TABLE noun + noun

a table used for gambling; may be equipped with a gameboard and slots for chips

In this reading “THE GAMING TABLE.”

intense excitement adjective + noun

In this reading “Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.”

four hundred noun + noun

the exclusive social set of a city

In this reading “Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."”

hundred years noun + noun

In this reading “Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."”

female figure adjective + noun

In this reading “Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."”

most ancient adverb + adjective

In this reading “Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.”

rest of verb + particle

In this reading “Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

addictedadjectiveUS /əˈdɪktɪd/

compulsively or physiologically dependent on something habit-forming

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

AlexandernounUS /ˌæləɡˈzændər/

European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

ampleadjectiveUS /ˈæmpəl/

more than enough in size or scope or capacity

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

beguileverbUS /bɪˈɡaɪl/

influence by slyness

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

bonenounUS /boʊn/

rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

catchingnounUS /ˈkætʃɪŋ/

(baseball) playing the position of catcher on a baseball team

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

ChristnounUS /kraɪst/

a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

cubesnounUS /kjuːbz/

plural of “cube” — a hexahedron with six equal squares as faces

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

describeverbUS /dɪˈskraɪb/

give a description of

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

DicenounUS /daɪs/

a small cube with 1 to 6 spots on the six faces; used in gambling to generate random numbers

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

enforcedadjectiveUS /enˈfɔːrst/

forced or compelled or put in force

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

ennuinounUS /eˈnuːi/

the feeling of being bored by something tedious

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

excitementnounUS /ɪkˈsaɪtmənt/

the feeling of lively and cheerful joy

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

femaleadjectiveUS /ˈfiːmeɪl/

being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

figurenounUS /ˈfɪɡjər/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

gamblingnounUS /ˈɡæmbəlɪŋ/

the act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning (including the payment of a price for a chance to win a prize)

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

GAMINGnounUS /ˈɡeɪmɪŋ/

the act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning (including the payment of a price for a chance to win a prize)

From this reading THE GAMING TABLE.

GreeknounUS /ɡriːk/

the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

idlenessnounUS /ˈaɪdəlnəs/

having no employment

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

intenseadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtens/

possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

ivorynounUS /ˈaɪvəri/

a hard smooth ivory colored dentine that makes up most of the tusks of elephants and walruses

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

JacksnounUS /dʒæks/

a game in which jackstones are thrown and picked up in various groups between bounces of a small rubber ball

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

leisurenounUS /ˈleʒər/

time available for ease and relaxation

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

LuxornounUS /ˈlʌksər/

a city in central Egypt on the east bank of the Nile that is a center for visitors to the ruins of and around Thebes

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

nationsnounUS /ˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “nation” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

passionnounUS /ˈpæʃən/

a strong feeling or emotion

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

perfectadjectiveUS /pərˈfekt/

being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

picturenounUS /ˈpɪktʃər/

a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

playverbUS /pleɪ/

participate in games or sport

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

rawadjectiveUS /rɑː/

(used especially of commodities) being unprocessed or manufactured using only simple or minimal processes

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

recruitsnounUS /rəˈkruːts/

plural of “recruit” — a recently enlisted soldier

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

RomansnounUS /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

shownverbUS /ʃoʊn/

inflected form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

SoldiersnounUS /ˈsoʊldʒərz/

plural of “soldier” — an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

SophoclesnounUS /ˈsɑːfəkliz/

one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (496-406 BC)

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

TABLEnounUS /ˈteɪbəl/

a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading THE GAMING TABLE.

tali

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE GAMING TABLE.

ThebesnounUS /θiːbz/

an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC; today the archeological remains include many splendid temples and tombs

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

to-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

tombsnounUS /tuːmz/

plural of “tomb” — a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone)

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Soldiers from the enforced idleness of much of their time and the intense excitement of the rest of it, have in every age been addicted to gambling to beguile the _ennui_ of their too ample leisure--from those of Alexander down to the raw recruits of to-day.

tossingverbUS /ˈtɔːsɪŋ/

-ing form of “toss” — throw or toss with a light motion

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading Dice of bone and ivory, like those in use to-day, have been found in the tombs of Thebes and Luxor.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Gaming was a perfect passion among the Romans, and indeed among most ancient nations.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

Æschylus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Æschylus and Sophocles describe their use four hundred years before Christ, and in an ancient Greek picture now before us, a female figure is shown tossing _tali_, or gaming cubes, and catching them on the back of her hand, as children now play "Jacks."

Chapter 16 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow holds 59 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs contain?

Chapter 16 holds 59 sentences of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 59 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Yes. All 2196 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #33484 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #33484, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 183 minutes of reading across 440 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Words and structures a reader meets early in Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Martyr
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Catacombs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Early
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Christian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.