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Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs
Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is here in full — 45 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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THE MAMERTINE PRISON.
Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.
They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.
Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.
A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is here in full — 45 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/9 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE MAMERTINE PRISON.
Line 2
Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.
/let ʌs naʊ tɜːrn ˈaʊər əˈtenʃən tuː ðə feɪt ʌv ðə ˈkærəktərz ɪn ˈaʊər teɪl ʌv ˈkrɪstʃən ˈtraɪəl ənd ˈtraɪəmf ərˈaʊnd huːm ɪts ˈɪntrəst ˈtʃiːfli ˈsentərz/
Line 3
They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.
Line 4
Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.
Line 5
A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

centres noun US /ˈsentərz/

plural of “centre” — a low-lying region in central France

From this reading “Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.”

consigned verb US /kənˈsaɪnd/

past form of “consign” — commit forever; commit irrevocably

From this reading “They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.”

Demetrius noun US /dɪˈmiːtriəs/

son of Antigonus Cyclops and king of Macedonia; he and his father were defeated at the battle of Ipsus (337-283 BC)

From this reading “Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.”

dungeons noun US /ˈdʌndʒənz/

plural of “dungeon” — the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress

From this reading “They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.”

martyrdom noun US /ˈmɑːrtərdəm/

death that is imposed because of the person's adherence of a religious faith or cause

From this reading “Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.”

thrice adverb US /θraɪs/

three times

From this reading “They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.”

torrid adjective US /ˈtɔːrəd/

characterized by intense emotion

From this reading “Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.”

vault noun US /vɒlt/

An arched structure of masonry forming a ceiling, or a secure subterranean storage room.

From this reading “A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

few steps adjective + noun

In this reading “A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.”

below the level preposition + article + noun counted as “below … level”

In this reading “A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.”

most dismal adverb + adjective

In this reading “They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.”

through the streets preposition + article + noun counted as “through … street”

In this reading “Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.”

marched through verb + particle counted as “march through”

In this reading “Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

Adauctus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

admittedverbUS /ədˈmɪtɪd/

inflected form of “admit” — declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

armedadjectiveUS /ɑːrmd/

(used of persons or the military) characterized by having or bearing arms

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

attentionnounUS /əˈtenʃən/

the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

Aureliusnoun

Emperor of Rome; nephew and son-in-law and adoptive son of Antonius Pius; Stoic philosopher; the decline of the Roman Empire began under Marcus Aurelius (121-180)

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

Callirhoë

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

capnounUS /kæp/

a tight-fitting headdress

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

centresnounUS /ˈsentərz/

plural of “centre” — a low-lying region in central France

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

charactersnounUS /ˈkærəktərz/

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

chieflyadverbUS /ˈtʃiːfli/

for the most part

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

ChristianadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪstʃən/

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

ChristiansnounUS /ˈkrɪstʃənz/

plural of “christian” — a religious person who believes Jesus is the Christ and who is a member of a Christian denomination

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

condemnedverbUS /kənˈdemd/

past form of “condemn” — express strong disapproval of

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

consignedverbUS /kənˈsaɪnd/

past form of “consign” — commit forever; commit irrevocably

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

crimenounUS /kraɪm/

(criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

crueltynounUS /ˈkruːlti/

a cruel act; a deliberate infliction of pain and suffering

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

DemetriusnounUS /dɪˈmiːtriəs/

son of Antigonus Cyclops and king of Macedonia; he and his father were defeated at the battle of Ipsus (337-283 BC)

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

dismaladjectiveUS /ˈdɪzməl/

causing dejection

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

doornounUS /dɔːr/

a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

dungeonsnounUS /ˈdʌndʒənz/

plural of “dungeon” — the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

fatenounUS /feɪt/

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

flungverbUS /flʌŋ/

inflected form of “fling” — throw with force or recklessness

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

glarenounUS /ɡler/

a light within the field of vision that is brighter than the brightness to which the eyes are adapted

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

gloomyadjectiveUS /ˈɡluːmi/

depressingly dark

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

guardnounUS /ɡɑːrd/

a person who keeps watch over something or someone

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

hauntedadjectiveUS /ˈhɔːntɪd/

having or showing excessive or compulsive concern with something

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

iron-studded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

Letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

levelnounUS /ˈlevəl/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

MAMERTINE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MAMERTINE PRISON.

Manacled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

marchedverbUS /mɑːrtʃt/

past form of “march” — march in a procession

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

martyrdomnounUS /ˈmɑːrtərdəm/

death that is imposed because of the person's adherence of a religious faith or cause

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

memoriesnounUS /ˈmɛm.ə.riz/

Recollections of past events.

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

noontidenoun

the middle of the day

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

pié

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

PRISONnounUS /ˈprɪzən/

a correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment

From this reading THE MAMERTINE PRISON.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

RomenounUS /roʊm/

capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

soldiernounUS /ˈsoʊldʒər/

an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

stepsnounUS /steps/

a flight of stairs or a flight of steps

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

streetnounUS /striːt/

a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

streetsnounUS /striːts/

plural of “street” — a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

talenounUS /teɪl/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

terribleadjectiveUS /ˈterəbəl/

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE MAMERTINE PRISON.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

thriceadverbUS /θraɪs/

three times

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

torridadjectiveUS /ˈtɔːrəd/

characterized by intense emotion

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

trialnounUS /ˈtraɪəl/

the act of testing something

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

triumphnounUS /ˈtraɪəmf/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Manacled each to a Roman soldier, Adauctus, Aurelius, Demetrius, and Callirhoë, together with other Christians condemned to martyrdom, marched through the streets under the noontide glare of a torrid sun.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

vaultnounUS /vɒlt/

An arched structure of masonry forming a ceiling, or a secure subterranean storage room.

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Let us now turn our attention to the fate of the characters in our tale of Christian trial and triumph, around whom its interest chiefly centres.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading They have been consigned to one of the most dismal of the many gloomy dungeons of Rome--the thrice terrible Mamertine prison--haunted with memories of long centuries of cruelty and crime.

à

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A guard armed _cap à pié_, flung open an iron-studded door, and admitted them to a gloomy vault a few steps below the level of the street.

Chapter 23 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow holds 45 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 23 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs contain?

Chapter 23 holds 45 sentences of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 23 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 45 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 23 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 23 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 23 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Common questions about reading Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs?

Yes. All 2196 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #33484 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #33484, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs take to read?

About 183 minutes of reading across 440 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs section by section

How to work through Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 30 chapters of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Words and structures a reader meets early in Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Martyr
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Catacombs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Early
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Christian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.