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Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs
Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Chapter XXV

Chapter 25 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is here in full — 103 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs
Context Illustration Reading 1/20 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A ROMAN HOLIDAY.
Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.
Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.
Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.
Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Chapter XXV

Chapter 25 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is here in full — 103 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/20 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A ROMAN HOLIDAY.
/ə ˈroʊmən ˈhɑːlədeɪ/
Line 2
Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.
Line 3
Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.
Line 4
Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.
Line 5
Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

arena noun US /ərˈiːnə/

a particular environment or walk of life

From this reading “Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.”

awning noun US /ˈɑːnɪŋ/

a canopy made of canvas to shelter people or things from rain or sun

From this reading “Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.”

Coliseum noun US /ˌkɑːləˈsiːəm/

an oval large stadium with tiers of seats; an arena in which contests and spectacles are held

From this reading “Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.”

freedman noun US /ˈfriːdmən/

a person who has been freed from slavery

From this reading “Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.”

heaped verb US /hiːpt/

past form of “heap” — bestow in large quantities

From this reading “Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.”

loads noun US /loʊdz/

a large number or amount

From this reading “Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.”

podium noun US /ˈpoʊdiəm/

a platform raised above the surrounding level to give prominence to the person on it

From this reading “Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.”

ropes noun US /roʊps/

plural of “rope” — a strong line

From this reading “Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

next morning adjective + noun

In this reading “Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.”

around the base preposition + article + noun counted as “around … base”

In this reading “Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.”

under the direction preposition + article + noun counted as “under … direction”

In this reading “Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.”

charge of verb + particle

In this reading “Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.”

very summit adjective + noun

In this reading “Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.”

spread upon verb + particle

In this reading “Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.”

act of verb + particle

In this reading “Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A ROMAN HOLIDAY.

actverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

arenanounUS /ərˈiːnə/

a particular environment or walk of life

From this reading Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

awningnounUS /ˈɑːnɪŋ/

a canopy made of canvas to shelter people or things from rain or sun

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

basenounUS /beɪs/

installation from which a military force initiates operations

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

blood-stained

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

buildingnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋ/

a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

cartnounUS /kɑːrt/

a heavy open wagon usually having two wheels and drawn by an animal

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

chargeverbUS /tʃɑːrdʒ/

to make a rush at or sudden attack upon, as in battle

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

ColiseumnounUS /ˌkɑːləˈsiːəm/

an oval large stadium with tiers of seats; an arena in which contests and spectacles are held

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

directionnounUS /dərˈekʃən/

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

dramanounUS /ˈdrɑːmə/

a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

EarlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

freedmannounUS /ˈfriːdmən/

a person who has been freed from slavery

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

freshadjectiveUS /freʃ/

recently made, produced, or harvested

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

Fulvus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

ghastlyadjectiveUS /ˈɡæstli/

shockingly repellent; inspiring horror

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

heapedverbUS /hiːpt/

past form of “heap” — bestow in large quantities

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

HOLIDAYnounUS /ˈhɑːlədeɪ/

leisure time away from work devoted to rest or pleasure

From this reading A ROMAN HOLIDAY.

loadsnounUS /loʊdz/

a large number or amount

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

Others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.

podiumnounUS /ˈpoʊdiəm/

a platform raised above the surrounding level to give prominence to the person on it

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

protectionnounUS /prəˈtekʃən/

the activity of protecting someone or something

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

pullingnounUS /ˈpʊlɪŋ/

the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

raysnounUS /reɪz/

plural of “ray” — a column of light (as from a beacon)

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

ROMANadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading A ROMAN HOLIDAY.

ropesnounUS /roʊps/

plural of “rope” — a strong line

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

sandnounUS /sænd/

a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral

From this reading Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.

sanguinaryadjective

accompanied by bloodshed

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

shoutingnounUS /ˈʃaʊtɪŋ/

encouragement in the form of cheers from spectators

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

slavesnounUS /sleɪvz/

plural of “slave” — a person who is owned by someone

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

smoothadjectiveUS /smuːð/

having a surface free from roughness or bumps or ridges or irregularities

From this reading Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

spreadverbUS /spred/

distribute or disperse widely

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

stretchingnounUS /ˈstretʃɪŋ/

act of expanding by lengthening or widening

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

summitnounUS /ˈsʌmət/

the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.

sweepingadjectiveUS /ˈswiːpɪŋ/

taking in or moving over (or as if over) a wide area; often used in combination

From this reading Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Others were sweeping the sand of the arena to a smooth and even surface.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Many cart loads of fresh sand were heaped around the base of the podium, for the ghastly purpose of being spread upon the blood-stained surface after each act of the sanguinary drama of the day.

velarium

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Some at the very summit of the building, with much shouting and pulling of ropes, were stretching the great _velarium_ or awning, as a protection from the rays of the sun.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Early next morning the army of slaves who had charge of the Coliseum, under the direction of Fulvus, the freedman, were hard at work.

Chapter 25 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow holds 103 sentences, grouped into 21 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 25 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs contain?

Chapter 25 holds 103 sentences of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs, unabridged, divided into 21 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 25 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 103 sentences, grouped into 21 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 25 of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs?

Work through the 21 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 21 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 25 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 25 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Common questions about reading Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs by W. H. (William Henry) Withrow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs?

Yes. All 2196 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #33484 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #33484, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 183 minutes of reading across 440 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs

Words and structures a reader meets early in Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Martyr
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Catacombs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Early
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Christian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.