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Valperga Volume 1 (of 3)
Valperga Volume 1 (of 3)

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) is here in full — 12 sentences across 3 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Valperga Volume 1 (of 3)
Context Illustration Reading 1/2 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.
The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.
In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.
The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.
"Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Valperga Volume 1 (of 3)

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) is here in full — 12 sentences across 3 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/2 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.
Line 2
The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.
Line 3
In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.
Line 4
The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.
Line 5
"Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Annals noun US /ˈænəlz/

reports of the work of a society or learned body etc

From this reading “In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.”

arrives verb US /ərˈaɪvz/

third-person singular of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading “_Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.”

captains noun US /ˈkæptənz/

plural of “captain” — an officer holding a rank below a major but above a lieutenant

From this reading “"Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.”

Euthanasia's noun US /ˌjuːθəˈneɪʒəz/

possessive form of “euthanasia” — the act of killing someone painlessly (especially someone suffering from an incurable illness)

Florentine adjective US /ˈflɔːrəntiːn/

of or relating to or characteristic of the city of Florence, Italy

From this reading “In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.”

fourteenth adjective US /ˈfɔːrˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the thirteenth in position

From this reading “"Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.”

preface noun US /ˈprefəs/

a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book

From this reading “_Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.”

respecting verb US /riˈspektɪŋ/

-ing form of “respect” — regard highly; think much of

From this reading “The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fourteenth century adjective + noun

In this reading “"Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.”

most celebrated adverb + adjective

In this reading “"Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.”

In addition preposition + noun

In this reading “In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.”

lived in verb + particle counted as “live in”

live in the house where one works

In this reading “"Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

accountsnounUS /əˈkaʊnts/

plural of “account” — a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

additionnounUS /əˈdɪʃən/

a component that is added to something to improve it

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

adventuresnounUS /ædˈventʃərz/

plural of “adventure” — a wild and exciting undertaking (not necessarily lawful)

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

AnnalsnounUS /ˈænəlz/

reports of the work of a society or learned body etc

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

arrivesverbUS /ərˈaɪvz/

third-person singular of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

articlenounUS /ˈɑːrtəkəl/

nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication

From this reading The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.

captainsnounUS /ˈkæptənz/

plural of “captain” — an officer holding a rank below a major but above a lieutenant

From this reading "Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

Castracani

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

Castruccio

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

celebratedadjectiveUS /ˈseləbreɪtɪd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading "Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading "Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

concerningverbUS /kənˈsɜːrnɪŋ/

-ing form of “concern” — be relevant to

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

consultedverbUS /kənˈsʌltəd/

past form of “consult” — get or ask advice from

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

continuedadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/

without stop or interruption

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

CourtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

delightfuladjectiveUS /dɪˈlaɪtfəl/

greatly pleasing or entertaining

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

desnounUS /des/

a potent estrogen used in medicine and in feed for livestock and poultry

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

detailnounUS /dɪˈteɪl/

an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

Euthanasia'snounUS /ˌjuːθəˈneɪʒəz/

possessive form of “euthanasia” — the act of killing someone painlessly (especially someone suffering from an incurable illness)

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

FlorentineadjectiveUS /ˈflɔːrəntiːn/

of or relating to or characteristic of the city of Florence, Italy

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.

fourteenthadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the thirteenth in position

From this reading "Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

Giovanni

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

Histoire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.

Italiennes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

l'Age

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

LifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading "Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

Macchiavelli's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

Moreri

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading "Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

Moyen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading "Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

Pepi

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

PREFACEnounUS /ˈprefəs/

a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

publicationnounUS /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃən/

a copy of a printed work offered for distribution

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

readernounUS /ˈriːdər/

a person who enjoys reading

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

Republiques

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

respectingverbUS /riˈspektɪŋ/

-ing form of “respect” — regard highly; think much of

From this reading The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.

romancenounUS /roʊˈmæns/

a relationship between two lovers

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

Sismondi's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The reader may find a detail of his real adventures in Sismondi's delightful publication, _Histoire des Republiques Italiennes de l'Age Moyen_.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

Tegrino's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading _Euthanasia's Court continued.--Pepi arrives._ PREFACE The accounts of the Life of Castruccio known in England, are generally taken from Macchiavelli's romance concerning this chief.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading "Castruccio Castracani, one of the most celebrated captains of his time, lived in the fourteenth century.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

translationnounUS /trænzˈleɪʃən/

a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language

From this reading The following is a translation from the article respecting him in Moreri.

Villani's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading In addition to this work, I have consulted Tegrino's Life of Castruccio, and Giovanni Villani's Florentine Annals.

Chapter 1 of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley holds 12 sentences, grouped into 3 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) contain?

Chapter 1 holds 12 sentences of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3), unabridged, divided into 3 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 12 sentences, grouped into 3 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3)?

Work through the 3 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 3 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Valperga Volume 1 (of 3)

Common questions about reading Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3)?

Yes. All 1587 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #63337 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #63337, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) take to read?

About 132 minutes of reading across 318 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) section by section

How to work through Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 15 chapters of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3) to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Valperga Volume 1 (of 3)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Valperga Volume 1 (of 3), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Euthanasia's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Court
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Continued
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Arrives
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Valperga Volume 1 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.