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Virgilia
Virgilia

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Virgilia is here in full — 501 sentences across 101 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/100 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.
A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.
This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.
Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.
It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Virgilia

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Virgilia is here in full — 501 sentences across 101 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/100 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.
Line 2
A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.
Line 3
This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.
/ðɪs keɪv wɑːz ɪn ə mæs ʌv ˈtuːfə rɑːk ˈraɪzɪŋ əˈbrʌptli frʌm ðə flæt ɡriːn fiːldz ənd nɑːt fɑːr frʌm ðə ˈækwədʌkt θriː tiːrz ʌv brɪk ˈɑːrtʃəz wʌn əˈbʌv ðə ˈʌðər dʒɔɪnd baɪ ˈmæsɪv ˈmeɪsənri θruː wɪtʃ freʃ ˈwɔːtər wɑːz brɔːt ɪn bɪɡ ˈledən paɪps tuː ðə ˈsɪti/
Line 4
Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.
Line 5
It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aqueduct noun US /ˈækwədʌkt/

a conduit that resembles a bridge but carries water over a valley

From this reading “This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.”

Dictator noun US /dɪkˈteɪtər/

a speaker who dictates to a secretary or a recording machine

From this reading “It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.”

grazing noun US /ˈɡreɪzɪŋ/

the act of grazing

From this reading “Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.”

lining noun US /ˈlaɪnɪŋ/

a protective covering that protects an inside surface

From this reading “A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.”

masonry noun US /ˈmeɪsənri/

structure built of stone or brick by a mason

From this reading “This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.”

tiers noun US /tiːrz/

plural of “tier” — a relative position or degree of value in a graded group

From this reading “This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.”

tufa noun US /ˈtuːfə/

a soft porous rock consisting of calcium carbonate deposited from springs rich in lime

From this reading “This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.”

villas noun US /ˈvɪləz/

plural of “villa” — Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923)

From this reading “A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.”

All words in this reading · 94

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

abruptlyadverbUS /əˈbrʌptli/

quickly and without warning

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

aqueductnounUS /ˈækwədʌkt/

a conduit that resembles a bridge but carries water over a valley

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

archesnounUS /ˈɑːrtʃəz/

plural of “arch” — a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

becomingadjectiveUS /bɪˈkʌmɪŋ/

according with custom or propriety

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

bigadjectiveUS /bɪɡ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

bricknounUS /brɪk/

rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln; used as a building or paving material

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

Campagna

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

cattlenounUS /ˈkætəl/

domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age

From this reading Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.

cavenounUS /keɪv/

a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the sea

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

Cincinnatusnoun

Roman statesman regarded as a model of simple virtue; he twice was called to assume dictatorship of Rome and each time retired to his farm (519-438 BC)

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

cleanadjectiveUS /kliːn/

free from dirt or impurities; or having clean habits

From this reading Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

DictatornounUS /dɪkˈteɪtər/

a speaker who dictates to a secretary or a recording machine

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

dwellingnounUS /ˈdwelɪŋ/

housing that someone is living in

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

fieldsnounUS /fiːldz/

United States comedian and film actor (1880-1946)

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

flatadjectiveUS /flæt/

having a surface without slope, tilt in which no part is higher or lower than another

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

freshadjectiveUS /freʃ/

recently made, produced, or harvested

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

gardensnounUS /ˈɡɑːrdənz/

plural of “garden” — a plot of ground where plants are cultivated

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

grazingnounUS /ˈɡreɪzɪŋ/

the act of grazing

From this reading Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.

greennounUS /ɡriːn/

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

guidedadjectiveUS /ˈɡaɪdəd/

subject to guidance or control especially after launching

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

HundredsnounUS /ˈhʌndrədz/

plural of “hundred” — ten 10s

From this reading Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

joinedadjectiveUS /dʒɔɪnd/

of or relating to two people who are married to each other

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

leadenadjectiveUS /ˈledən/

darkened with overcast

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

leadingadjectiveUS /ˈliːdɪŋ/

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

liningnounUS /ˈlaɪnɪŋ/

a protective covering that protects an inside surface

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

long-horned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.

Lucius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

luxuriousadjectiveUS /ləɡˈʒɜːriəs/

displaying luxury and furnishing gratification to the senses

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

masonrynounUS /ˈmeɪsənri/

structure built of stone or brick by a mason

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

massnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

massiveadjectiveUS /ˈmæsɪv/

imposing in size or bulk or solidity

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

messengernounUS /ˈmesəndʒər/

a person who carries a message

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

midstnounUS /mɪdst/

the location of something surrounded by other things

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

NorthnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

peasantnounUS /ˈpezənt/

a country person

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

pipesnounUS /paɪps/

plural of “pipe” — a tube with a small bowl at one end; used for smoking tobacco

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

ploughingnoun

tilling the land with a plow

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

remoteadjectiveUS /rɪˈmoʊt/

located far away spatially

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

risingadjectiveUS /ˈraɪzɪŋ/

advancing or becoming higher or greater in degree or value or status

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

rocknounUS /rɑːk/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

rodeverbUS /roʊd/

inflected form of “ride” — sit and travel on the back of animal, usually while controlling its motions

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

RomenounUS /roʊm/

capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

saveprepositionUS /seɪv/

except for; apart from

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

sightnounUS /saɪt/

an instance of visual perception

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

SouthnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

splendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

strangeadjectiveUS /streɪndʒ/

being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

swiftlyadverbUS /ˈswɪftli/

in a swift manner

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

tiersnounUS /tiːrz/

plural of “tier” — a relative position or degree of value in a graded group

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

tufanounUS /ˈtuːfə/

a soft porous rock consisting of calcium carbonate deposited from springs rich in lime

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

villasnounUS /ˈvɪləz/

plural of “villa” — Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923)

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Lucius, himself, was a strange sight in the midst of the luxurious people of Rome.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.

WestnounUS /west/

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading It was such as these that Cincinnatus guided, ploughing the fields, when the messenger rode swiftly from Rome to call him to come and save her by becoming Dictator.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading This cave was in a mass of tufa rock rising abruptly from the flat, green fields, and not far from the aqueduct, three tiers of brick arches, one above the other, joined by massive masonry, through which fresh water was brought in big leaden pipes to the city.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading Hundreds of long-horned cattle, white and clean and strong, were grazing in the fields.

wideadjectiveUS /waɪd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading A peasant he was, dwelling in a cave far out on the Roman Campagna, remote from the splendid villas and gardens lining the wide ways leading out of the city to North and South and West.

Chapter 2 of Virgilia by Felicia Buttz Clark holds 501 sentences, grouped into 101 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Virgilia contain?

Chapter 2 holds 501 sentences of Virgilia, unabridged, divided into 101 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Virgilia by Felicia Buttz Clark exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 501 sentences, grouped into 101 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Virgilia?

Work through the 101 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 101 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Virgilia

Common questions about reading Virgilia by Felicia Buttz Clark on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Virgilia?

Yes. All 1507 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7938 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Virgilia is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7938, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Virgilia take to read?

About 125 minutes of reading across 302 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Virgilia section by section

How to work through Virgilia section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 3 chapters of Virgilia to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Virgilia

Words and structures a reader meets early in Virgilia, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Circus
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Virgilia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Thronged
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Virgilia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Enormous
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Virgilia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Crowd
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Virgilia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.