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War of the Classes
War of the Classes

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of War of the Classes is here in full — 158 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for War of the Classes
Context Illustration Reading 1/31 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.
It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.
The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.
It is a question of might.
Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

War of the Classes

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of War of the Classes is here in full — 158 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/31 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.
/ɑːn ðə ˈʌðər hænd ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst klæs ɪz bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ tuː ɡroʊ ˈkɑːnʃəs ʌv ˌɪtˈself ənd ʌv ðə ˈstrʌɡəl wɪtʃ ɪz ˈbiːɪŋ weɪdʒd/
Line 2
It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.
/ɪt ɪz ɔːlˈredi ˈfɔːrmɪŋ əˈfensɪv ənd dɪˈfensɪv liːɡz waɪl sʌm ʌv ðə moʊst ˈprɑːmənənt ˈfɪɡjərz ɪn ðə ˈneɪʃən ɑːr priˈperɪŋ tuː led ɪt ɪn ðə əˈtæk əˈpɑːn ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/
Line 3
The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.
Line 4
It is a question of might.
/ɪt ɪz ə ˈkwestʃən ʌv maɪt/
Line 5
Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

capitalist noun US /ˈkæpətəlɪst/

a conservative advocate of capitalism

From this reading “On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.”

defensive adjective US /dɪˈfensɪv/

intended or appropriate for defending against or deterring aggression or attack

From this reading “It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.”

efficiency noun US /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

the ratio of the output to the input of any system

From this reading “The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.”

ethics noun US /ˈeθɪks/

motivation based on ideas of right and wrong

From this reading “The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.”

socialism noun US /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

From this reading “It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.”

solved adjective US /sɑːlvd/

explained or answered

From this reading “The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.”

waged verb US /weɪdʒd/

past form of “wage” — carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns)

From this reading “On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.”

Whichever determiner US /wɪˈtʃevər/

any one of a set, it does not matter which

From this reading “Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It is a question of might.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

attacknounUS /əˈtæk/

(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

capitalistnounUS /ˈkæpətəlɪst/

a conservative advocate of capitalism

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

consciousadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnʃəs/

intentionally conceived

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

Cunniff

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

damnedadjectiveUS /dæmd/

expletives used informally as intensifiers

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

defensiveadjectiveUS /dɪˈfensɪv/

intended or appropriate for defending against or deterring aggression or attack

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

efficiencynounUS /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

the ratio of the output to the input of any system

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

ethicsnounUS /ˈeθɪks/

motivation based on ideas of right and wrong

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

figuresnounUS /ˈfɪɡjərz/

plural of “figure” — a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

formingverbUS /ˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

-ing form of “form” — create (as an entity)

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

growverbUS /ɡroʊ/

pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

leadverbUS /led/

take somebody somewhere

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

leaguesnounUS /liːɡz/

plural of “league” — an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

Malthusnoun

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

Malthusianismnoun

Malthus' theory that population increase would outpace increases in the means of subsistence

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading It is a question of might.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

offensiveadjectiveUS /əˈfensɪv/

violating or tending to violate or offend against

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

preparingverbUS /priˈperɪŋ/

-ing form of “prepare” — make ready or suitable or equip in advance for a particular purpose or for some use, event, etc

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

projectedadjectiveUS /prəˈdʒektəd/

extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

prominentadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːmənənt/

having a quality that thrusts itself into attention

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

socialismnounUS /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

solvedadjectiveUS /sɑːlvd/

explained or answered

From this reading The question to be solved is not one of Malthusianism, "projected efficiency," nor ethics.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

superioradjectiveUS /suːˈpɪriər/

of high or superior quality or performance

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

virtuenounUS /ˈvɝː.tʃuː/

Moral excellence and goodness of character; the highest human attainment in Stoic philosophy.

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

wagedverbUS /weɪdʒd/

past form of “wage” — carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns)

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading On the other hand, the capitalist class is beginning to grow conscious of itself and of the struggle which is being waged.

WhicheverdeterminerUS /wɪˈtʃevər/

any one of a set, it does not matter which

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading It is already forming offensive and defensive leagues, while some of the most prominent figures in the nation are preparing to lead it in the attack upon socialism.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

winverbUS /wɪn/

be the winner in a contest or competition; be victorious

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

workersnounUS /ˈwɜːrkərz/

plural of “worker” — a person who works at a specific occupation

From this reading Whichever class is to win, will win by virtue of superior strength; for the workers are beginning to say, as they said to Mr. Cunniff, "Malthus be damned."

Chapter 3 of War of the Classes by Jack London holds 158 sentences, grouped into 32 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of War of the Classes contain?

Chapter 3 holds 158 sentences of War of the Classes, unabridged, divided into 32 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of War of the Classes by Jack London exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 158 sentences, grouped into 32 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of War of the Classes?

Work through the 32 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 32 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading War of the Classes

Common questions about reading War of the Classes by Jack London on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of War of the Classes?

Yes. All 1586 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1187 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of War of the Classes is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1187, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does War of the Classes take to read?

About 132 minutes of reading across 318 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in War of the Classes

Words and structures a reader meets early in War of the Classes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

London
A word that appears in the opening chapter of War of the Classes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of War of the Classes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sea-wolf
A word that appears in the opening chapter of War of the Classes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of War of the Classes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.