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War of the Classes
War of the Classes

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of War of the Classes is here in full — 166 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for War of the Classes
Context Illustration Reading 1/33 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.
The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.
There is less pressure, less sordidness, less savagery.
There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.
And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

War of the Classes

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of War of the Classes is here in full — 166 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/33 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.
/ðə ˈloʊər ðə emˈplɔɪmənt ɪn ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl skeɪl ðə ˈhɑːrdər ðə kənˈdɪʃənz/
Line 2
The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.
/ðə ˈfaɪnər ðə mɔːr ˈdeləkət ðə mɔːr skɪld ðə treɪd ðə ˈhaɪər ɪz ɪt ˈlɪftəd əˈbʌv ðə ˈstrʌɡəl/
Line 3
There is less pressure, less sordidness, less savagery.
Line 4
There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.
Line 5
And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

fewer adjective US /ˈfjuːər/

(comparative of “few” used with count nouns) quantifier meaning a smaller number of

From this reading “There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.”

finer adjective US /ˈfaɪnər/

(comparative of “fine”) greater in quality or excellence

From this reading “The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.”

industrial adjective US /ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl/

of or relating to or resulting from industry

From this reading “The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.”

proportionate adjective US /prəˈpɔːrʃənət/

being in due proportion

From this reading “There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.”

requires verb US /riˈkwaɪərz/

third-person singular of “require” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading “And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.”

savagery noun US /ˈsævɪdʒeri/

the property of being untamed and ferocious

From this reading “There is less pressure, less sordidness, less savagery.”

skilled adjective US /skɪld/

having or showing or requiring special skill

From this reading “The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.”

striker noun US /ˈstraɪkər/

a forward on a soccer team

From this reading “And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.”

All words in this reading · 55

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

conditionsnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.

delicateadjectiveUS /ˈdeləkət/

exquisitely fine and subtle and pleasing; susceptible to injury

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

ditch-digger

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

ditch-diggers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

ditch-digging

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

employmentnounUS /emˈplɔɪmənt/

the state of being employed or having a job

From this reading The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.

feweradjectiveUS /ˈfjuːər/

(comparative of “few” used with count nouns) quantifier meaning a smaller number of

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

fineradjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnər/

(comparative of “fine”) greater in quality or excellence

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

glass-blower

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

glass-blowers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

glass-blowing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

harderadverbUS /ˈhɑːrdər/

comparative of “hard” — with effort or force or vigor

From this reading The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.

higheradjectiveUS /ˈhaɪər/

advanced in complexity or elaboration

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.

industrialadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl/

of or relating to or resulting from industry

From this reading The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading There is less pressure, less sordidness, less savagery.

liftedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪftəd/

held up in the air

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

needsadverbUS /niːdz/

in such a manner as could not be otherwise

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

out-of-work

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

pressurenounUS /ˈpreʃər/

the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit)

From this reading There is less pressure, less sordidness, less savagery.

proportionateadjectiveUS /prəˈpɔːrʃənət/

being in due proportion

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

requiresverbUS /riˈkwaɪərz/

third-person singular of “require” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

savagerynounUS /ˈsævɪdʒeri/

the property of being untamed and ferocious

From this reading There is less pressure, less sordidness, less savagery.

scalenounUS /skeɪl/

an ordered reference standard

From this reading The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.

skilledadjectiveUS /skɪld/

having or showing or requiring special skill

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

sordidnessnoun

sordid dirtiness

From this reading There is less pressure, less sordidness, less savagery.

strikernounUS /ˈstraɪkər/

a forward on a soccer team

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

strikingadjectiveUS /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/

sensational in appearance or thrilling in effect

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There is less pressure, less sordidness, less savagery.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.

tradenounUS /treɪd/

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.

Chapter 4 of War of the Classes by Jack London holds 166 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of War of the Classes contain?

Chapter 4 holds 166 sentences of War of the Classes, unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of War of the Classes by Jack London exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 166 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of War of the Classes?

Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading War of the Classes

Common questions about reading War of the Classes by Jack London on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of War of the Classes?

Yes. All 1586 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1187 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of War of the Classes is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1187, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does War of the Classes take to read?

About 132 minutes of reading across 318 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read War of the Classes section by section

How to work through War of the Classes section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of War of the Classes to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in War of the Classes

Words and structures a reader meets early in War of the Classes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

London
A word that appears in the opening chapter of War of the Classes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of War of the Classes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sea-wolf
A word that appears in the opening chapter of War of the Classes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of War of the Classes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.