Chapter 8 of War of the Classes is here in full — 169 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.
Chapter VIII
Chapter 8 of War of the Classes is here in full — 169 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
"IX. The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers. "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism). "XI. The cotters.
Chapter 8 of War of the Classes is here in full — 169 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
Reading 1/33 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5
These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.
Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.
accompanying
From this reading “"X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).”
plural of “estate” — everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities
From this reading “"X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).”
plural of “farmer” — a person who operates a farm
From this reading “The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.”
plural of “farm” — workplace consisting of farm buildings and cultivated land as a unit
From this reading “"X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).”
the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war
From this reading “"X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).”
plural of “manufacturer” — a business engaged in manufacturing some product
From this reading “The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.”
plural of “tenant” — someone who pays rent to use land or a building or a car that is owned by someone else
From this reading “"X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).”
plural of “tradesman” — a merchant who owns or manages a shop
From this reading “The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.”
Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.
Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.
a collection of things sharing a common attribute
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
accompanying
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The cotters.
plural of “estate” — everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
plural of “farmer” — a person who operates a farm
From this reading The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.
plural of “farm” — workplace consisting of farm buildings and cultivated land as a unit
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
grant freedom to; free from confinement
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one
From this reading "IX.
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.
of or relating to or based on the manor
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
plural of “manufacturer” — a business engaged in manufacturing some product
From this reading The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
inferior in rank or status
From this reading The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
plural of “tenant” — someone who pays rent to use land or a building or a car that is owned by someone else
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
plural of “tradesman” — a merchant who owns or manages a shop
From this reading The small-unit farmers (land-owning), the petty tradesmen, and manufacturers.
the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system
From this reading "X. The subtenants of the manorial estates and great farms (corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism).
the cardinal number that is the sum of ten and one
From this reading "XI.
Chapter 8 of War of the Classes by Jack London holds 169 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.
Chapter 8 holds 169 sentences of War of the Classes, unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.
This page carries chapter 8 of War of the Classes by Jack London exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 169 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.
Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.
Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.
Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.
Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.
Common questions about reading War of the Classes by Jack London on this page, its source edition and its audio.
Yes. All 1586 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1187 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.
Project Gutenberg eBook #1187, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.
About 132 minutes of reading across 318 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.
How to work through War of the Classes section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.
Choose one of the 10 chapters of War of the Classes to begin.
Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.
Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.
Words and structures a reader meets early in War of the Classes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.
