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Westward Ho!
Westward Ho!

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Westward Ho! is here in full — 271 sentences across 55 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/54 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE GREAT ARMADA Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”
CAMPBELL, Ye Mariners of England.
And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.
It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.
The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Westward Ho!

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Westward Ho! is here in full — 271 sentences across 55 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/54 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE GREAT ARMADABritannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”
Line 2
CAMPBELL, Ye Mariners of England.
/ˈkæmbəl jiː ˈmerənərz ʌv ˈɪŋɡlənd/
Line 3
And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.
Line 4
It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.
Line 5
The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

alias noun US /ˈeɪliəs/

a name that has been assumed temporarily

From this reading ““The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).”

armada noun US /ɑːrˈmɑːdə/

a large fleet

From this reading “THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.””

despotism noun US /ˈdespətɪzəm/

dominance through threat of punishment and violence

From this reading “And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.”

discharging verb US /dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “discharge” — complete or carry out

From this reading ““The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).”

Homer's noun US /ˈhoʊmərz/

possessive form of “homer” — a base hit on which the batter scores a run

From this reading “It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.”

Leon's noun US /ˈliːɑːnz/

possessive form of “leon” — a historical area and former kingdom in northwestern Spain

From this reading ““The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).”

ordnance noun US /ˈɔːrdnəns/

military supplies

From this reading ““The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).”

Protestantism noun US /ˈprɑːtəstəntɪzəm/

the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation

From this reading “And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.”

All words in this reading · 120

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

Admirall

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

admirall's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

Alfonso

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

aliasnounUS /ˈeɪliəs/

a name that has been assumed temporarily

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

appointedadjectiveUS /əˈpɔɪntɪd/

subject to appointment

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

approachingnounUS /əˈproʊtʃɪŋ/

the event of one object coming closer to another

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

Arkroyall

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

ARMADAnounUS /ɑːrˈmɑːdə/

a large fleet

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

authorsnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

Britannia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

bulwarks

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

CAMPBELLnounUS /ˈkæmbəl/

United States mythologist (1904-1987)

From this reading CAMPBELL, Ye Mariners of England.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

contemporaryadjectiveUS /kənˈtempəreri/

characteristic of the present

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

DefiancenounUS /dɪˈfaɪəns/

intentionally contemptuous behavior or attitude

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

denouncedverbUS /dɪˈnaʊnst/

past form of “denounce” — speak out against

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

despotismnounUS /ˈdespətɪzəm/

dominance through threat of punishment and violence

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

determineverbUS /dəˈtɜːrmən/

establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

dischargingverbUS /dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “discharge” — complete or carry out

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

dulladjectiveUS /dʌl/

lacking in liveliness or animation

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading CAMPBELL, Ye Mariners of England.

epicadjectiveUS /ˈepɪk/

very imposing or impressive; surpassing the ordinary (especially in size or scale)

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

EuropenounUS /ˈjʊrəp/

the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

futureadjectiveUS /ˈfjuːtʃər/

yet to be or coming

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

GREATadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

HerdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

HighadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

Homer'snounUS /ˈhoʊmərz/

possessive form of “homer” — a base hit on which the batter scores a run

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

Leon'snounUS /ˈliːɑːnz/

possessive form of “leon” — a historical area and former kingdom in northwestern Spain

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

marchverbUS /mɑːrtʃ/

march in a procession

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

MarinersnounUS /ˈmerənərz/

plural of “mariner” — a man who serves as a sailor

From this reading CAMPBELL, Ye Mariners of England.

mountainnounUS /ˈmaʊntən/

a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

musquet-shot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

needsadverbUS /niːdz/

in such a manner as could not be otherwise

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

o'eradverb

throughout a period of time

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading CAMPBELL, Ye Mariners of England.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

ordnancenounUS /ˈɔːrdnəns/

military supplies

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

pinnacenoun

a boat for communication between ship and shore

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

Poperynoun

offensive terms for the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

presentlyadverbUS /ˈprezəntli/

in the near future

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

prosenounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

ProtestantismnounUS /ˈprɑːtəstəntɪzəm/

the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

sea-fight

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

sendingnounUS /ˈsendɪŋ/

the act of causing something to go (especially messages)

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

shipverbUS /ʃɪp/

transport commercially

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

SpaniardsnounUS /ˈspænjərdz/

plural of “spaniard” — a native or inhabitant of Spain

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

steepadjectiveUS /stiːp/

having a sharp inclination

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

thunder-roll

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

thunderingadjectiveUS /ˈθʌndərɪŋ/

sounding like thunder

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

towersnounUS /ˈtaʊərz/

plural of “tower” — a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

TriumphnounUS /ˈtraɪəmf/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

twelvenounUS /twelv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

usingnounUS /ˈjuːzɪŋ/

an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

versenounUS /vɜːrs/

literature in metrical form

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

wavenounUS /weɪv/

one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water)

From this reading THE GREAT ARMADA “Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep, Her march is o'er the mountain wave, Her home is on the deep.”

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

whetherconjunctionUS /ˈweðər/

used to introduce two or more possibilities

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading And now began that great sea-fight which was to determine whether Popery and despotism, or Protestantism and freedom, were the law which God had appointed for the half of Europe, and the whole of future America.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading “The Lord High Admirall of England, sending a pinnace before, called the Defiance, denounced war by discharging her ordnance; and presently approaching with in musquet-shot, with much thundering out of his own ship, called the Arkroyall (alias the Triumph), first set upon the admirall's, as he thought, of the Spaniards (but it was Alfonso de Leon's ship).

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

worthyadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːr.ði/

Having or showing the qualities or abilities that merit recognition in character or magic.

From this reading It is a twelve days' epic, worthy, as I said in the beginning of this book, not of dull prose, but of the thunder-roll of Homer's verse: but having to tell it, I must do my best, rather using, where I can, the words of contemporary authors than my own.

YepronounUS /jiː/

an old word for “you”, speaking to more than one person

From this reading CAMPBELL, Ye Mariners of England.

Chapter 31 of Westward Ho! by Charles Kingsley holds 271 sentences, grouped into 55 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Westward Ho! contain?

Chapter 31 holds 271 sentences of Westward Ho!, unabridged, divided into 55 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Westward Ho! by Charles Kingsley exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 271 sentences, grouped into 55 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Westward Ho!?

Work through the 55 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 55 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Westward Ho!

Common questions about reading Westward Ho! by Charles Kingsley on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Westward Ho!?

Yes. All 10602 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1860 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Westward Ho! is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1860, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Westward Ho! take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2121 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Westward Ho! section by section

How to work through Westward Ho! section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 33 chapters of Westward Ho! to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Westward Ho!

Words and structures a reader meets early in Westward Ho!, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Hollow
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Westward Ho!; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Palace
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Westward Ho!; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Heritage
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Westward Ho!; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Travelled
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Westward Ho!; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.