Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
White Jacket
White Jacket

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of White Jacket is here in full — 92 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for White Jacket
Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE GENEALOGY OF THE ARTICLES OF WAR.
As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.
Whence came they?
And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?
How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the glorious stars and stripes for an ensign?
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

White Jacket

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of White Jacket is here in full — 92 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE GENEALOGY OF THE ARTICLES OF WAR.
/ðə ˌdʒiːniˈɑːlədʒi ʌv ðə ˈɑːrtəkəlz ʌv wɔːr/
Line 2
As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.
/æz ðə ˈɑːrtəkəlz ʌv wɔːr fɔːrm ðə ɑːrk ənd ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən ʌv ðə ˈpiːnəl lɔːz ʌv ðə əˈmerəkən ˈneɪvi ɪn ɔːl səˈbraɪəti ənd ˈɜːrnəstnəs ɪt meɪ biː wel tuː ɡlæns æt ðer ˈɔːrədʒən/
Line 3
Whence came they?
/wens keɪm ðeɪ/
Line 4
And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?
Line 5
How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with theglorious stars and stripesfor an ensign?

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

despotic adjective US /dɪˈspɑːtɪk/

belonging to or having the characteristics of a despot

From this reading “How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?”

freemen noun US /ˈfriːmen/

plural of “freeman” — a person who is not a serf or a slave

From this reading “How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?”

genealogy noun US /ˌdʒiːniˈɑːlədʒi/

successive generations of kin

From this reading “THE GENEALOGY OF THE ARTICLES OF WAR.”

monarchies noun US /ˈmɑːnɑːrkiz/

plural of “monarchy” — an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

From this reading “How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?”

ratified adjective US /ˈrætəfaɪd/

formally approved and invested with legal authority

From this reading “How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?”

sobriety noun US /səˈbraɪəti/

the state of being sober and not intoxicated by alcohol

From this reading “As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.”

tubes noun US /tuːbz/

plural of “tube” — conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases

From this reading “And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?”

usages noun US /ˈjuːsədʒəz/

plural of “usage” — the act of using

From this reading “How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?”

All words in this reading · 86

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

absoluteadjectiveUS /ˈæbsəluːt/

perfect or complete or pure

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

AmericansnounUS /əˈmerəkənz/

plural of “american” — a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

arknounUS /ɑːrk/

(Judaism) sacred chest where the ancient Hebrews kept the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

armnounUS /ɑːrm/

a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

ARTICLESnounUS /ˈɑːrtəkəlz/

plural of “article” — nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication

From this reading THE GENEALOGY OF THE ARTICLES OF WAR.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Whence came they?

codenounUS /koʊd/

a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones)

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

comesnounUS /kʌmz/

plural of “come” — the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

CongressnounUS /ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/

the legislature of the United States government

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

constitutionnounUS /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən/

law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

defences

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

despoticadjectiveUS /dɪˈspɑːtɪk/

belonging to or having the characteristics of a despot

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

dockyards

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

earnestnessnounUS /ˈɜːrnəstnəs/

an earnest and sincere feeling

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

ensignnounUS /ˈensən/

a person who holds a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or the United States Coast Guard; below lieutenant junior grade

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

firesnounUS /ˈfaɪərz/

plural of “fire” — the event of something burning (often destructive)

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

freemennounUS /ˈfriːmen/

plural of “freeman” — a person who is not a serf or a slave

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

GENEALOGYnounUS /ˌdʒiːniˈɑːlədʒi/

successive generations of kin

From this reading THE GENEALOGY OF THE ARTICLES OF WAR.

glanceverbUS /ɡlæns/

throw a glance at; take a brief look at

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

gloriousadjectiveUS /ˈɡlɔːriəs/

having or deserving or conferring glory

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

launchedverbUS /lɔːntʃt/

past form of “launch” — set up or found

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

monarchiesnounUS /ˈmɑːnɑːrkiz/

plural of “monarchy” — an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

nationaladjectiveUS /ˈnæʃənəl/

of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

NavynounUS /ˈneɪvi/

an organization of military vessels belonging to a country and available for sea warfare

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE GENEALOGY OF THE ARTICLES OF WAR.

offendernounUS /əˈfendər/

a person who transgresses moral or civil law

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

originnounUS /ˈɔːrədʒən/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

penaladjectiveUS /ˈpiːnəl/

of or relating to punishment

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

pistolnounUS /ˈpɪstəl/

a firearm that is held and fired with one hand

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

ratifiedadjectiveUS /ˈrætəfaɪd/

formally approved and invested with legal authority

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

representativesnounUS /ˌreprəˈzentətɪvz/

plural of “representative” — a person who represents others

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

RepublicnounUS /riˈpʌblək/

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

revolvingverbUS /riˈvɑːlvɪŋ/

-ing form of “revolve” — turn on or around an axis or a center

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

ruledadjectiveUS /ruːld/

subject to a ruling authority

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

sectionnounUS /ˈsekʃən/

a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

sobrietynounUS /səˈbraɪəti/

the state of being sober and not intoxicated by alcohol

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

solemnlyadverbUS /ˈsɔːləmli/

in a grave and sedate manner

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

starsnounUS /stɑːrz/

plural of “star” — (astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

stripesnounUS /straɪps/

V-shaped sleeve badge indicating military rank and service

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

subjectedverbUS /səbˈdʒektɪd/

past form of “subject” — cause to experience or suffer or make liable or vulnerable to

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE GENEALOGY OF THE ARTICLES OF WAR.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Whence came they?

thousandsnounUS /ˈθaʊzəndz/

plural of “thousand” — the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

tubesnounUS /tuːbz/

plural of “tube” — conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

TurkishadjectiveUS /ˈtɜːrkɪʃ/

of or relating to or characteristic of Turkey or its people or language

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

usagesnounUS /ˈjuːsədʒəz/

plural of “usage” — the act of using

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

virtuenounUS /ˈvɝː.tʃuː/

Moral excellence and goodness of character; the highest human attainment in Stoic philosophy.

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

WARnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading THE GENEALOGY OF THE ARTICLES OF WAR.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading As the Articles of War form the ark and constitution of the penal laws of the American Navy, in all sobriety and earnestness it may be well to glance at their origin.

WhenceadverbUS /wens/

an old word meaning “from where”

From this reading Whence came they?

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading And how is it that one arm of the national defences of a Republic comes to be ruled by a Turkish code, whose every section almost, like each of the tubes of a revolving pistol, fires nothing short of death into the heart of an offender?

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading How comes it that, by virtue of a law solemnly ratified by a Congress of freemen, the representatives of freemen, thousands of Americans are subjected to the most despotic usages, and, from the dockyards of a republic, absolute monarchies are launched, with the “glorious stars and stripes” for an ensign?

Chapter 31 of White Jacket by Herman Melville holds 92 sentences, grouped into 19 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of White Jacket contain?

Chapter 31 holds 92 sentences of White Jacket, unabridged, divided into 19 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of White Jacket by Herman Melville exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 92 sentences, grouped into 19 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of White Jacket?

Work through the 19 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 19 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading White Jacket

Common questions about reading White Jacket by Herman Melville on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of White Jacket?

Yes. All 5391 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #10712 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of White Jacket is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #10712, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does White Jacket take to read?

About 449 minutes of reading across 1079 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read White Jacket section by section

How to work through White Jacket section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of White Jacket to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in White Jacket

Words and structures a reader meets early in White Jacket, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Homeward
A word that appears in the opening chapter of White Jacket; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bound
A word that appears in the opening chapter of White Jacket; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hands
A word that appears in the opening chapter of White Jacket; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Anchor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of White Jacket; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.