Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish
Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish is here in full — 13 sentences across 3 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish
Context Illustration Reading 1/2 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.
Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.
If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.
But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.
Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish is here in full — 13 sentences across 3 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/2 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.
/ðə ˈpiːpəl ʌv ðə juːˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ɪz nɑːt ə nuː ˈpiːpəl/
Line 2
Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.
/ˈmeni əˈmerəkənz ənd ə fjuː ˈfɔːrənərz θɪŋk ðæt əˈmerəkə ɪz jet tuː jʌŋ ə ˈkʌntri fɔːr pəˈzesɪŋ ə ˈnæʃənəl ˈlɪtərətʃər/
Line 3
If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.
Line 4
But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.
Line 5
Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

civilization noun US /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

From this reading “Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.”

civilized adjective US /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading “Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.”

classical adjective US /ˈklæsɪkəl/

of or relating to the first significant period of a civilization, culture, area of study, etc.

From this reading “If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.”

compete verb US /kəmˈpiːt/

compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others

From this reading “If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.”

competent adjective US /ˈkɑːmpətɪnt/

properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient

From this reading “Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.”

foreigners noun US /ˈfɔːrənərz/

plural of “foreigner” — a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country

From this reading “Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.”

independently adverb US /ˌɪndɪˈpendəntli/

on your own; without outside help

From this reading “Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.”

possessing verb US /pəˈzesɪŋ/

-ing form of “possess” — have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill

From this reading “Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

civilized nation adjective + noun

In this reading “Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.”

equal number verb + noun

In this reading “But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.”

compete with verb + particle

In this reading “If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.”

of course preposition + noun

as might be expected

In this reading “If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.”

other reason adjective + noun

In this reading “But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.”

too young adverb + adjective

In this reading “Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.”

old country adjective + noun

the country of origin of an immigrant

In this reading “If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.”

All words in this reading · 78

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.

Abram

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

americansnounUS /əˈmerəkənz/

plural of “american” — a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

civilizationnounUS /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

civilizedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

classicaladjectiveUS /ˈklæsɪkəl/

of or relating to the first significant period of a civilization, culture, area of study, etc.

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

competeverbUS /kəmˈpiːt/

compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

competentadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmpətɪnt/

properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

denyverbUS /dɪˈnaɪ/

declare untrue; contradict

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

equalverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

foreignersnounUS /ˈfɔːrənərz/

plural of “foreigner” — a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

independentlyadverbUS /ˌɪndɪˈpendəntli/

on your own; without outside help

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

indiansnounUS /ˈɪndiənz/

plural of “indian” — a native or inhabitant of India

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

intendverbUS /ˌɪnˈtend/

have in mind as a purpose

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

ISauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

LiteraturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

NationaladjectiveUS /ˈnæʃənəl/

of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

nationsnounUS /ˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “nation” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

NEWadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

NOTadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

otherwiseadverbUS /ˈʌðərwaɪz/

in other respects or ways

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

PEOPLEnounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.

possessingverbUS /pəˈzesɪŋ/

-ing form of “possess” — have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

reproachnounUS /riˈproʊtʃ/

a mild rebuke or criticism

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

STATESnounUS /steɪts/

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

UNITEDadjectiveUS /juːˈnaɪtɪd/

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT A NEW PEOPLE.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

Wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading But, that the living present americans cannot have an equal number of writers, as the living old nations, for no other reason, but because this nation is a new one, is what I deny.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Were America a nation of indians beginning now their civilization, independently of any other already civilized nation, to reproach them because they have not a competent literature as well as the old civilized nations, it would be the same as to reproach the times of Abram, because they were not civilized as the present most civilized nations.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading If they intend to say, that the number of classical writers of America, cannot yet compete with the number of classical writers of any old country, of course, it cannot be otherwise.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading Many americans, and a few foreigners, think that America is yet too young a country for possessing a National Literature.

Chapter 2 of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish by Joseph Rocchietti holds 13 sentences, grouped into 3 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish contain?

Chapter 2 holds 13 sentences of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish, unabridged, divided into 3 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish by Joseph Rocchietti exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 13 sentences, grouped into 3 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish?

Work through the 3 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 3 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish

Common questions about reading Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish by Joseph Rocchietti on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish?

Yes. All 878 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #31777 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #31777, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish take to read?

About 73 minutes of reading across 176 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish section by section

How to work through Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 11 chapters of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish

Words and structures a reader meets early in Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Celui
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Crivant
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Songe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Personne
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Why a National Literature Cannot Flourish; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.