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Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery
Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery

Chapter XXXIV

Chapter 34 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery is here in full — 365 sentences across 73 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery
Context Illustration Reading 1/73 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Pont y Rhyd FendigaidStrata FloridaThe Yew-TreeIdolatryThe TeiviThe Llostlydan.
And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!
After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.
From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.
The whole scene was cheerless.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery

Chapter XXXIV

Chapter 34 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery is here in full — 365 sentences across 73 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/73 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Pont y Rhyd FendigaidStrata FloridaThe Yew-TreeIdolatryThe TeiviThe Llostlydan.
Line 2
And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!
Line 3
After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.
Line 4
From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.
/frʌm ðə hɪl aɪ lʊkt daʊn ɑːn ə waɪd ˈvæli ʌv ə ˈrʌsɪt ˈkʌlər əˈlɔːŋ wɪtʃ ə ˈrɪvər ræn təˈwɔːrdz ðə saʊθ/
Line 5
The whole scene was cheerless.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bleak adjective US /bliːk/

offering little or no hope

From this reading “After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.”

consisting verb US /kənˈsɪstɪŋ/

-ing form of “consist” — originate

From this reading “After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.”

cottages noun US /ˈkɑːtɪdʒɪz/

plural of “cottage” — a small house with a single story

From this reading “After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.”

Florida noun US /ˈflɔːrədə/

a state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading “Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.”

Idolatry noun US /aɪˈdɑːlətri/

the worship of idols; the worship of physical objects or images as gods

From this reading “Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.”

russet noun US /ˈrʌsɪt/

a reddish brown homespun fabric

From this reading “From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.”

situated adjective US /ˈsɪtʃuːeɪtɪd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading “After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.”

Strata noun US /ˈstrætə/

plural of “stratum” — one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock)

From this reading “Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

whole scene adjective + noun

In this reading “The whole scene was cheerless.”

towards the south preposition + article + noun counted as “towards … south”

In this reading “After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.”

wide valley adjective + noun

In this reading “From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.”

on the top preposition + article + noun counted as “on … top”

In this reading “After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.”

consisting of verb + particle counted as “consist of”

In this reading “After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.”

ran towards verb + particle counted as “run towards”

In this reading “From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.”

looked down verb + adjective counted as “look down”

In this reading “From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.”

some miles adjective + noun counted as “some mile”

In this reading “After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

AbnounUS /æb/

a bachelor's degree in arts and sciences

From this reading And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!

bleakadjectiveUS /bliːk/

offering little or no hope

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

cheerlessadjective

causing sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy

From this reading The whole scene was cheerless.

colouradjectiveUS /ˈkʌlər/

having or capable of producing colors

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

consistingverbUS /kənˈsɪstɪŋ/

-ing form of “consist” — originate

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

cottagesnounUS /ˈkɑːtɪdʒɪz/

plural of “cottage” — a small house with a single story

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

Dafydd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

FairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

Fendigaid

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

FloridanounUS /ˈflɔːrədə/

a state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

Gwilym

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!

half-ruined

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

hillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

IdolatrynounUS /aɪˈdɑːlətri/

the worship of idols; the worship of physical objects or images as gods

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

Llostlydan

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

milesnounUS /maɪlz/

plural of “mile” — a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

miserableadjectiveUS /ˈmɪzərəbəl/

very unhappy; full of misery

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

moory

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

Pont

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

ranverbUS /ræn/

inflected form of “run” — move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

resting-place

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And now for the resting-place of Dafydd Ab Gwilym!

Rhos

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

Rhyd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

russetnounUS /ˈrʌsɪt/

a reddish brown homespun fabric

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

scenenounUS /siːn/

the place where some action occurs

From this reading The whole scene was cheerless.

situatedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪtʃuːeɪtɪd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

southnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

StratanounUS /ˈstrætə/

plural of “stratum” — one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock)

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

Teivi

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

valleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

villagenounUS /ˈvɪlədʒ/

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

wanderingadjectiveUS /ˈwɑːndərɪŋ/

migratory

From this reading After wandering for some miles towards the south over a bleak moory country I came to a place called Fair Rhos, a miserable village, consisting of a few half-ruined cottages, situated on the top of a hill.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The whole scene was cheerless.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The whole scene was cheerless.

wideadjectiveUS /waɪd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading From the hill I looked down on a wide valley of a russet colour, along which a river ran towards the south.

ynounUS /waɪ/

a silvery metallic element that is common in rare-earth minerals; used in magnesium and aluminum alloys

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

Yew-Tree

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid—Strata Florida—The Yew-Tree—Idolatry—The Teivi—The Llostlydan.

Chapter 34 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery by George Borrow holds 365 sentences, grouped into 73 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 34 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery contain?

Chapter 34 holds 365 sentences of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery, unabridged, divided into 73 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 34 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery by George Borrow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 365 sentences, grouped into 73 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 34 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery?

Work through the 73 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 73 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 34 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 34 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery

Common questions about reading Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery by George Borrow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery?

Yes. All 10903 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #37665 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #37665, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2181 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery section by section

How to work through Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery

Words and structures a reader meets early in Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Invited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Editor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Series
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Words
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.