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Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery
Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery

Chapter XXXIX

Chapter 39 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery is here in full — 255 sentences across 51 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery
Context Illustration Reading 1/51 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.
Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.
It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.
It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.
Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery

Chapter XXXIX

Chapter 39 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery is here in full — 255 sentences across 51 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/51 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.
Line 2
Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.
Line 3
It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.
Line 4
It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.
Line 5
Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

contemporary adjective US /kənˈtempəreri/

characteristic of the present

From this reading “Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.”

Diabolical adjective US /ˌdaɪəˈbɑːlɪkəl/

showing the cunning or ingenuity or wickedness typical of a devil

From this reading “Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.”

flourished verb US /ˈflɜːrɪʃt/

past form of “flourish” — grow vigorously

From this reading “Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.”

locality noun US /loʊˈkæləti/

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading “It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.”

Martyr noun US /ˈmɑːrtər/

one who suffers for the sake of principle

From this reading “It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.”

Martyred verb US /ˈmɑːrtərd/

past form of “martyr” — kill as a martyr

From this reading “Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.”

occupies verb US /ˈɑːkjəpaɪz/

third-person singular of “occupy” — keep busy with

From this reading “It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.”

signifies verb US /ˈsɪɡnəfaɪz/

third-person singular of “signify” — denote or connote

From this reading “It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fifth century noun + noun

In this reading “Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.”

broad valley adjective + noun

In this reading “Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.”

name of verb + particle

In this reading “It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

bearsnounUS /berz/

plural of “bear” — massive plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammals with long shaggy coats and strong claws

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

Brecon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

Breconian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

BritainnounUS /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

broadadjectiveUS /brɔːd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

Brychan

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

Brycheiniawg

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

capitalnounUS /ˈkæpətəl/

assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

ChristianadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪstʃən/

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

CoalnounUS /koʊl/

fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

contemporaryadjectiveUS /kənˈtempəreri/

characteristic of the present

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

Cyfartha

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

daughternounUS /ˈdɔːtər/

a female human offspring

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

DiabolicaladjectiveUS /ˌdaɪəˈbɑːlɪkəl/

showing the cunning or ingenuity or wickedness typical of a devil

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

Fawr

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

fifthnounUS /fɪfθ/

a quantity of liquor equal to one fifth of a United States gallon

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

flourishedverbUS /ˈflɜːrɪʃt/

past form of “flourish” — grow vigorously

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

greatestadjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtəst/

highest in quality

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

Hengist

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

inconsiderableadjective

too small or unimportant to merit attention

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

IronnounUS /ˈaɪərn/

a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

localitynounUS /loʊˈkæləti/

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

MartyrnounUS /ˈmɑːrtər/

one who suffers for the sake of principle

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

MartyredverbUS /ˈmɑːrtərd/

past form of “martyr” — kill as a martyr

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

Merthyr

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

miningnounUS /ˈmaɪnɪŋ/

the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

occupiesverbUS /ˈɑːkjəpaɪz/

third-person singular of “occupy” — keep busy with

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

PrincenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

PrincessnounUS /ˈprɪn.ses/

The daughter of a monarch; a female member of a royal family.

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

proprietynounUS /prəˈpraɪəti/

correct or appropriate behavior

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

rollverbUS /roʊl/

move by turning over or rotating

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

signifiesverbUS /ˈsɪɡnəfaɪz/

third-person singular of “signify” — denote or connote

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

situatedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪtʃuːeɪtɪd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

slainnounUS /sleɪn/

people who have been slain (as in battle)

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

StructurenounUS /ˈstrʌktʃər/

a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

surnamed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

Taf

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Iron and Coal—The Martyred Princess—Cyfartha Fawr—Diabolical Structure.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading It bears the name of Merthyr Tydvil, which signifies the Martyr Tydvil, because in the old time a Christian British princess was slain in the locality which it occupies.

Tydvil

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

valleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

villagenounUS /ˈvɪlədʒ/

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

watersnounUS /ˈwɔːtərz/

United States actress and singer (1896-1977)

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Merthyr Tydvil is situated in a broad valley through which roll the waters of the Taf.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Tydvil was the daughter of Brychan Prince of Brecon, surnamed Brycheiniawg, or the Breconian, who flourished in the fifth century and was a contemporary of Hengist.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It was till late an inconsiderable village, but is at present the greatest mining place in Britain, and may be called with much propriety the capital of the iron and coal.

Chapter 39 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery by George Borrow holds 255 sentences, grouped into 51 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 39 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery contain?

Chapter 39 holds 255 sentences of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery, unabridged, divided into 51 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 39 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery by George Borrow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 255 sentences, grouped into 51 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 39 of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery?

Work through the 51 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 51 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 39 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 39 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery by George Borrow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 10903 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #37665 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #37665, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery

Words and structures a reader meets early in Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Invited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Editor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Series
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Words
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Wild Wales: The People, Language, & Scenery; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.