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Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs
Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs is here in full — 124 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs
Context Illustration Reading 1/24 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.
All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.
And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.
Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.
Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs is here in full — 124 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/24 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.
/ðə ˈʃæd.oʊ ʌv ə tʃeɪndʒ ˈevriθɪŋ ɪn ðɪs wɜːrld ɪz kəmˈperətɪv ðer ɪz ˈnʌθɪŋ ˈæbsəluːt/
Line 2
All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.
/ɔːl kriˈeɪʃən ɪz ɪn skeɪl frʌm ðə ˈænəmeɪtɪd dʒɜːrm tuː ðə mæn θruː ɔːl ðə ˈreɪndʒəz ʌv ˌɪnˈvɜːrtəbrət ənd ˈvɜːrtəbreɪt laɪf/
Line 3
And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.
/ənd mæn ɪz nɑːt ə ˈkʌlməneɪtɪŋ sʊˈpɜːrlətɪv fɔːr ˈmænˈkaɪnd ɪz ɪn ˌɪtˈself ə ˈwʌndrəs ˈlædər meɪd ʌp ʌv dɪˈɡriːz/
Line 4
Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.
Line 5
Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.
/ˌɪnˈdiːd ˈevəri mæn ɪn hɪz ˈsevrəl ˈæspekts ɔːr kəmˈpoʊnənt pɑːrts ɪz bʌt ˈrelətɪv/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

component noun US /kəmˈpoʊnənt/

an abstract part of something

From this reading “Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.”

culminating verb US /ˈkʌlməneɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “culminate” — end, especially to reach a final or climactic stage

From this reading “And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.”

germ noun US /dʒɜːrm/

anything that provides inspiration for later work

From this reading “All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.”

intellectually adverb US /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəli/

in an intellectual manner

From this reading “Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.”

invertebrate noun US /ˌɪnˈvɜːrtəbrət/

any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; the term is not used as a scientific classification

From this reading “All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.”

socially adverb US /ˈsoʊʃəli/

by or with respect to society

From this reading “Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.”

superlative noun US /sʊˈpɜːrlətɪv/

an exaggerated expression (usually of praise)

From this reading “And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.”

vertebrate noun US /ˈvɜːrtəbreɪt/

animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium

From this reading “All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

on a stage preposition + article + noun counted as “on … stage”

In this reading “Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.”

All words in this reading · 63

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

absoluteadjectiveUS /ˈæbsəluːt/

perfect or complete or pure

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

animatedadjectiveUS /ˈænəmeɪtɪd/

having life or vigor or spirit

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

aspectsnounUS /ˈæspekts/

plural of “aspect” — a distinct feature or element in a problem

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

CHANGEverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

comparativeadjectiveUS /kəmˈperətɪv/

relating to or based on or involving comparison

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

componentnounUS /kəmˈpoʊnənt/

an abstract part of something

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

creationnounUS /kriˈeɪʃən/

the human act of creating

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

culminatingverbUS /ˈkʌlməneɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “culminate” — end, especially to reach a final or climactic stage

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

degreesnounUS /dɪˈɡriːz/

plural of “degree” — a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

EverythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

germnounUS /dʒɜːrm/

anything that provides inspiration for later work

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

IndeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

intellectuallyadverbUS /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəli/

in an intellectual manner

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

invertebratenounUS /ˌɪnˈvɜːrtəbrət/

any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; the term is not used as a scientific classification

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

laddernounUS /ˈlædər/

steps consisting of two parallel members connected by rungs; for climbing up or down

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

physicallyadverbUS /ˈfɪzɪkəli/

in accord with physical laws

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

rangesnounUS /ˈreɪndʒəz/

plural of “range” — an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

relativenounUS /ˈrelətɪv/

a person related by blood or marriage

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

scalenounUS /skeɪl/

an ordered reference standard

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading Indeed every man in his several aspects or component parts is but relative.

SHADOWnounUS /ˈʃæd.oʊ/

A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

situatedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪtʃuːeɪtɪd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

sociallyadverbUS /ˈsoʊʃəli/

by or with respect to society

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

stagesnounUS /ˈsteɪdʒəz/

plural of “stage” — any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

superlativenounUS /sʊˈpɜːrlətɪv/

an exaggerated expression (usually of praise)

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

TakenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

vertebratenounUS /ˈvɜːrtəbreɪt/

animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium

From this reading All creation is in scale from the animated germ to the man, through all the ranges of invertebrate and vertebrate life.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Taken physically, intellectually, socially, he is situated on a stage with stages above and others below him.

wondrousadjectiveUS /ˈwʌndrəs/

extraordinarily good or great; used especially as intensifiers

From this reading And man is not a culminating superlative, for mankind is in itself a wondrous ladder made up of degrees.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading THE SHADOW OF A CHANGE Everything in this world is comparative, there is nothing absolute.

Chapter 23 of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs by S. (Sabine) Baring-Gould holds 124 sentences, grouped into 25 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 23 of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs contain?

Chapter 23 holds 124 sentences of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs, unabridged, divided into 25 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 23 of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs by S. (Sabine) Baring-Gould exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 124 sentences, grouped into 25 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 23 of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs?

Work through the 25 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 25 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 23 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 23 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs

Common questions about reading Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs by S. (Sabine) Baring-Gould on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs?

Yes. All 8677 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #53567 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #53567, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1736 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs section by section

How to work through Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs

Words and structures a reader meets early in Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Story
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Chalk
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cliffs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Eight
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winefred: A Story of the Chalk Cliffs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.