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Winged warfare
Winged warfare

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Winged warfare is here in full — 116 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Winged warfare
Context Illustration Reading 1/23 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.
The German retreat was continuing.
Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.
Those were very queer days.
For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Winged warfare

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Winged warfare is here in full — 116 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/23 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.
Line 2
The German retreat was continuing.
/ðə ˈdʒɜːrmən riˈtriːt wɑːz kənˈtɪnjuːɪŋ/
Line 3
Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.
/fɔːr ʌv ʌs wɜːr dɪˈteɪld tuː ˌɪnˈveɪd ðə ˈenəmi ˈkʌntri tuː flaɪ loʊ ˈoʊvər ðə ˈtrentʃɪz ənd ɪn ˈdʒenərəl tuː siː wʌt ðə bɑːtʃ truːps wɜːr ˈduːɪŋ ənd wer ðeɪ wɜːr ˈloʊkeɪtəd/
Line 4
Those were very queer days.
/ðoʊz wɜːr ˈveri kwɪr deɪz/
Line 5
For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

armies noun US /ˈɑːrmiz/

plural of “army” — a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading “For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.”

Boche noun US /bɑːtʃ/

offensive term for a person of German descent

From this reading “Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.”

continuing adjective US /kənˈtɪnjuːɪŋ/

remaining in force or being carried on without letup

From this reading “The German retreat was continuing.”

detailed adjective US /dɪˈteɪld/

developed or executed with care and in minute detail

From this reading “Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.”

dissolved adjective US /dɪˈzɑːlvd/

(of solid matter) reduced to a liquid form

From this reading “For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.”

invade verb US /ˌɪnˈveɪd/

march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation

From this reading “Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.”

located adjective US /ˈloʊkeɪtəd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading “Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.”

trenches noun US /ˈtrentʃɪz/

plural of “trench” — a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated earth

From this reading “Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

in the air preposition + article + noun counted as “in … air”

on everybody's mind

In this reading “On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.”

All words in this reading · 60

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

25th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

alikeadverbUS /əˈlaɪk/

equally

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

armiesnounUS /ˈɑːrmiz/

plural of “army” — a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

BochenounUS /bɑːtʃ/

offensive term for a person of German descent

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

continuingadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːɪŋ/

remaining in force or being carried on without letup

From this reading The German retreat was continuing.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Those were very queer days.

detailedadjectiveUS /dɪˈteɪld/

developed or executed with care and in minute detail

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

dissolvedadjectiveUS /dɪˈzɑːlvd/

(of solid matter) reduced to a liquid form

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

doingverbUS /ˈduːɪŋ/

-ing form of “do” — engage in

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

fightverbUS /faɪt/

be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

flyverbUS /flaɪ/

travel through the air; be airborne

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

FournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

GermannounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

a person of German nationality

From this reading The German retreat was continuing.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

invadeverbUS /ˌɪnˈveɪd/

march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

locatedadjectiveUS /ˈloʊkeɪtəd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

lucknounUS /lʌk/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

MarchverbUS /mɑːrtʃ/

march in a procession

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

queeradjectiveUS /kwɪr/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading Those were very queer days.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

retreatnounUS /riˈtriːt/

(military) withdrawal of troops to a more favorable position to escape the enemy's superior forces or after a defeat

From this reading The German retreat was continuing.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

simplyadverbUS /ˈsɪmpli/

and nothing more

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

ThosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Those were very queer days.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading For a time it seemed that both armies--German and British alike--had simply dissolved.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

trenchesnounUS /ˈtrentʃɪz/

plural of “trench” — a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated earth

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

troopsnounUS /truːps/

soldiers collectively

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Those were very queer days.

victorynounUS /ˈvɪktəri/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The German retreat was continuing.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Four of us were detailed to invade the enemy country, to fly low over the trenches, and in general to see what the Boche troops were doing and where they were located.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading On March 25th came my first real fight in the air, and, as luck would have it, my first victory.

Chapter 4 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop holds 116 sentences, grouped into 24 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Winged warfare contain?

Chapter 4 holds 116 sentences of Winged warfare, unabridged, divided into 24 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 116 sentences, grouped into 24 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Winged warfare?

Work through the 24 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 24 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Winged warfare

Common questions about reading Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Winged warfare?

Yes. All 2647 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75637 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Winged warfare is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75637, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Winged warfare take to read?

About 220 minutes of reading across 530 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Winged warfare section by section

How to work through Winged warfare section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of Winged warfare to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Winged warfare

Words and structures a reader meets early in Winged warfare, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Major
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bishop
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.