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Winged warfare
Winged warfare

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Winged warfare is here in full — 95 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Winged warfare
Context Illustration Reading 1/19 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.
I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.
First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.
Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.
I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Winged warfare

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Winged warfare is here in full — 95 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/19 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.
/ðə feɪts hæd bɪn soʊ kaɪnd tuː miː ɪn maɪ fɜːrst faɪt ɪn ðə er ðæt ðə nekst taɪm aɪ krɔːst ðə laɪnz maɪ ˈskwɑːdrən kəˈmændər hæd ˈdezɪɡneɪtɪd miː æz pəˈtroʊl ˈliːdər/
Line 2
I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.
Line 3
First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.
/fɜːrst ʌv ɔːl aɪ siːmd tuː biː ˈliːdɪŋ tuː fæst ðen ðə peɪs wʊd bɪˈkʌm tuː sloʊ/
Line 4
Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.
/sʌm ʌv ðə məˈʃiːnz siːmd tuː kloʊs tuː miː ənd sʌm tuː fɑːr əˈweɪ/
Line 5
I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

badly adverb US /ˈbædli/

to a severe or serious degree

From this reading “I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.”

commander noun US /kəˈmændər/

an officer in command of a military unit

From this reading “The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.”

designated verb US /ˈdezɪɡneɪtɪd/

past form of “designate” — assign a name or title to

From this reading “The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.”

everyone pronoun US /ˈevriwʌn/

every person

From this reading “I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.”

fates noun US /feɪts/

plural of “fate” — an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading “The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.”

machines noun US /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading “Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.”

patrol noun US /pəˈtroʊl/

a detachment used for security or reconnaissance

From this reading “The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.”

squadron noun US /ˈskwɑːdrən/

a cavalry unit consisting of two or more troops and headquarters and supporting arms

From this reading “The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

patrol leader noun + noun

In this reading “The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.”

wondered why noun + noun counted as “wonder why”

In this reading “I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.”

difficult job adjective + noun

In this reading “I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.”

next time adjective + noun

In this reading “The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.”

too slow adverb + adjective

In this reading “First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.”

too close adverb + adjective

In this reading “Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.”

started out verb + adjective counted as “start out”

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

In this reading “I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.”

in the air preposition + article + noun counted as “in … air”

on everybody's mind

In this reading “The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.”

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.

badlyadverbUS /ˈbædli/

to a severe or serious degree

From this reading I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.

commandernounUS /kəˈmændər/

an officer in command of a military unit

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

crossedadjectiveUS /krɔːst/

placed crosswise

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

designatedverbUS /ˈdezɪɡneɪtɪd/

past form of “designate” — assign a name or title to

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

everyonepronounUS /ˈevriwʌn/

every person

From this reading I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.

fastadverbUS /fæst/

quickly or rapidly (often used as a combining form)

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

fatesnounUS /feɪts/

plural of “fate” — an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

fightverbUS /faɪt/

be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

flyingadjectiveUS /ˈflaɪɪŋ/

moving swiftly

From this reading I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

jobnounUS /dʒɑːb/

the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

leadernounUS /ˈliːdər/

a person who rules or guides or inspires others

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

leadingadjectiveUS /ˈliːdɪŋ/

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

linesnounUS /laɪnz/

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

myselfpronounUS /ˌmaɪˈself/

used when the speaker is also the object of the action

From this reading I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

pacenounUS /peɪs/

the rate of moving (especially walking or running)

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

patrolnounUS /pəˈtroʊl/

a detachment used for security or reconnaissance

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

slowadjectiveUS /sloʊ/

not moving quickly; taking a comparatively long time

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Some of the machines seemed too close to me, and some too far away.

squadronnounUS /ˈskwɑːdrən/

a cavalry unit consisting of two or more troops and headquarters and supporting arms

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

startedverbUS /ˈstɑːrtɪd/

past form of “start” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The fates had been so kind to me in my first fight in the air, that the next time I crossed the lines my squadron commander had designated me as patrol leader.

to-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading I knew this was a difficult job, but it was not until after we started out that I knew _how_ difficult.

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

wonderedverbUS /ˈwʌndərd/

past form of “wonder” — have a wish or desire to know something

From this reading I wondered why it was that everyone should be flying so badly to-day except myself.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading First of all, I seemed to be leading too fast; then the pace would become too slow.

Chapter 5 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop holds 95 sentences, grouped into 19 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of Winged warfare contain?

Chapter 5 holds 95 sentences of Winged warfare, unabridged, divided into 19 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 95 sentences, grouped into 19 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of Winged warfare?

Work through the 19 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 19 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Winged warfare

Common questions about reading Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Winged warfare?

Yes. All 2647 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75637 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Winged warfare is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75637, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Winged warfare take to read?

About 220 minutes of reading across 530 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Winged warfare section by section

How to work through Winged warfare section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of Winged warfare to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Winged warfare

Words and structures a reader meets early in Winged warfare, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Major
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bishop
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.