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Winged warfare
Winged warfare

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Winged warfare is here in full — 154 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Winged warfare
Context Illustration Reading 1/30 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.
We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.
The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.
A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.
We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Winged warfare

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Winged warfare is here in full — 154 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.
Line 2
We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.
/wiː wɜːr ʌp ənd hæd ˈaʊər məˈʃiːnz aʊt ʌv ðə ˈhæŋərz waɪl ɪt wɑːz stɪl naɪt/
Line 3
The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.
/ðə ˈbjuːtəfəl ˈweðər ʌv ə fjuː ˈaʊərz bɪˈfɔːr hæd ˈvænɪʃt/
Line 4
A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.
Line 5
We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.
/wiː wɜːr dɪˈteɪld tuː flaɪ æt ə loʊ ˈæltətuːd ˈoʊvər ðə ədˈvænsɪŋ ˈɪnfəntri ˈfaɪrɪŋ ˈɪntuː ðə ˈenəmi ˈtrentʃɪz ənd dɪˈspɜːrsɪŋ ˈeni ɡruːps ʌv men ɔːr ˈwɜːrkɪŋ truːps wiː ˈhæpənd tuː siː ɪn ðə vəˈsɪnəti ʌv ðə laɪnz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

altitude noun US /ˈæltətuːd/

elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface

From this reading “We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.”

detailed adjective US /dɪˈteɪld/

developed or executed with care and in minute detail

From this reading “We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.”

dispersing verb US /dɪˈspɜːrsɪŋ/

-ing form of “disperse” — distribute loosely

From this reading “We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.”

Easter noun US /ˈiːstər/

a Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox

From this reading “Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.”

hangars noun US /ˈhæŋərz/

plural of “hangar” — a large structure at an airport where aircraft can be stored and maintained

From this reading “We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.”

infantry noun US /ˈɪnfəntri/

an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot

From this reading “We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.”

menacing adjective US /ˈmenəsɪŋ/

threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments

From this reading “A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.”

trenches noun US /ˈtrentʃɪz/

plural of “trench” — a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated earth

From this reading “We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

few hours adjective + noun

In this reading “The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.”

chill wind noun + noun

In this reading “A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.”

in the vicinity preposition + article + noun counted as “in … vicinity”

In this reading “We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.”

from the east preposition + article + noun counted as “from … east”

In this reading “A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

5.30

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.

advancingadjectiveUS /ədˈvænsɪŋ/

moving forward

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

altitudenounUS /ˈæltətuːd/

elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

Arrasnoun

a wall hanging of heavy handwoven fabric often with pictorial designs

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

BattlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

beautifuladjectiveUS /ˈbjuːtəfəl/

delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

From this reading The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

blowingnounUS /ˈbloʊɪŋ/

processing that involves blowing a gas

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

chillnounUS /tʃɪl/

coldness due to a cold environment

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

cloudsnounUS /klaʊdz/

plural of “cloud” — any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

DawnnounUS /dɔːn/

the first light of day

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

detailedadjectiveUS /dɪˈteɪld/

developed or executed with care and in minute detail

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

dispersingverbUS /dɪˈspɜːrsɪŋ/

-ing form of “disperse” — distribute loosely

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

eastnounUS /iːst/

the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

EasternounUS /ˈiːstər/

a Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

exactadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzækt/

Strictly particular and correct.

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.

firingnounUS /ˈfaɪrɪŋ/

the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

flyverbUS /flaɪ/

travel through the air; be airborne

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

groupsnounUS /ɡruːps/

plural of “group” — any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

hangarsnounUS /ˈhæŋərz/

plural of “hangar” — a large structure at an airport where aircraft can be stored and maintained

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

happenedverbUS /ˈhæpənd/

past form of “happen” — come to pass

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

hoursnounUS /ˈaʊərz/

a period of time assigned for work

From this reading The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

infantrynounUS /ˈɪnfəntri/

an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

linesnounUS /laɪnz/

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

menacingadjectiveUS /ˈmenəsɪŋ/

threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

MondaynounUS /ˈmʌndi/

the second day of the week; the first working day

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

o'clockadverbUS /əˈklɑːk/

according to the clock

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

overheadadverbUS /ˈoʊvərˈhed/

above your head; in the sky

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

scuddingnoun

the act of moving along swiftly (as before a gale)

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

trenchesnounUS /ˈtrentʃɪz/

plural of “trench” — a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated earth

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

troopsnounUS /truːps/

soldiers collectively

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

vanishedadjectiveUS /ˈvænɪʃt/

having passed out of existence

From this reading The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.

vicinitynounUS /vəˈsɪnəti/

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Dawn was due at 5.30 o’clock on Easter Monday, and that was the exact hour set for the beginning of the Battle of Arras.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

weathernounUS /ˈweðər/

the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation

From this reading The beautiful weather of a few hours before had vanished.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading We were up and had our machines out of the hangars while it was still night.

windnounUS /waɪnd/

air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading A strong, chill wind was blowing from the east and dark, menacing clouds were scudding along low overhead.

workingadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːrkɪŋ/

actively engaged in paid work

From this reading We were detailed to fly at a low altitude over the advancing infantry, firing into the enemy trenches, and dispersing any groups of men or working troops we happened to see in the vicinity of the lines.

Chapter 8 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop holds 154 sentences, grouped into 31 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Winged warfare contain?

Chapter 8 holds 154 sentences of Winged warfare, unabridged, divided into 31 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 154 sentences, grouped into 31 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Winged warfare?

Work through the 31 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 31 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Winged warfare

Common questions about reading Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Winged warfare?

Yes. All 2647 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75637 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Winged warfare is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75637, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Winged warfare take to read?

About 220 minutes of reading across 530 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Winged warfare section by section

How to work through Winged warfare section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of Winged warfare to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Winged warfare

Words and structures a reader meets early in Winged warfare, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Major
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bishop
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.